مجله طب سنتی اسلام و ایران
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 29، بهار 1396)

Background and Mahmoud ibn Masud ibn Mosleh, known as Qutb al-Din Shirazi, was an Iranian scientist, physician, physicist, mathematician, historian, and astronomer as well as one of the greatest Iranian scientists and a Sufi philosopher. In this research, after a review and discussion of the life of this scientist his excellent works were examined with an emphasis on his medical works.
Methods and Materials: The desktop and historical research methods were used for this research and thesis, and a historiographical approach commonly used in human sciences was used to criticize and study the works of Allameh Qutb al-Din Shirazi.
In this research, a deep investigation into the life and works of this well-known scholar was carried with a medical approach. Given Allameh’s knowledge of philosophy, medicine, astronomy, literature, history and Quran it could be concluded that he had a moderate worldview that varied between the rationalistic and fatalistic worldviews and was reflected in all of his scientific works. His worldview was also reflected in the works of the succeeding scientists and scholars as well as the philosophical, religious, astronomical, and medical schools.

Background and Nowadays since Traditional Medicine has received a remarkable amount of public notice in Iran, many scattered controversies have occurred about scientificity of Traditional Medicine. In order to analyze this question rationally it is necessary to determine the criteria of scientificity exactly and based on the most important philosophical theories at first. In this domain there have been three important theories which consist of Inductivism, having paradigm and falsificationism. So far two articles have been published by the author in which scientificity of Traditional Medicine have been analyzed based on inductivism and having Paradigm. Now in this article the third criterion i.e. falsifiability and its existence in Traditional Medicine is going to be analyzed philosophically in order to prove that Traditional Medicine has all of the most important criteria in the philosophy of science of 20th century. Falsifibility is one of the most important and influential theories about scientificity in the 20th century. This theory is produced by Karl Popper which at first criticizes the inductivist's point of view and offers Falsificationism instead. This article is introducing and analyzing this theory and the concept of falsifiability at first and is showing that the Iranian Traditional Medicine is falsifiable and therefore is science from this point of view.
Methods and Materials: This article is going to introduce exactly the Falsifiability based on the most famous books written by Karl Popper; then shows that the Iranian Traditional Medicine's system is falsifiable and therefore is science. The research is Library- based.
The Iranian Traditional Medicine is science based on Falsificationist's criterion.

Background and The human body requires energy expenditure to sustain life. The major of the consumed energy including basal metabolic rate which is varies between different people, and many factors can affected it. On the other hand there is a temperamental point of view in the school of Iranian Traditional Medicine and many factors influence on temperament. It seems that the characteristics of warm or cold temperament and its affected factors have many similarities to the factors affecting basal metabolic rate. So, these similarities have contributed to examine the concept of temperament in traditional medicine and also to compare the temperament with the basal metabolic rate.
Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive review examination which was carried out with surveying the documented sources of classic medicine and traditional medicine, including reliable sources of classic medicine, available databases and comprehensive library of traditional medicine software and also on original texts of the traditional medicine. After the classification of obtained data, all of the differences and similarities of factors affecting the temperament and basal metabolic rate were investigated and explained.
According to the results of this study, it seems that people with warm temperament have more basal metabolic rate and the persons with cold temperament conversely have lower level of basal metabolic rate. From the perspective of classic medicine the regulation of basal metabolic rate and related factors is essential to sustain human life and also based on the traditional medicine detection and balancing of temperament is a most important factor in health maintaining and treating of disease. Also the science of Temperament is one of the basic concepts of traditional medicine that was discussed in detail in texts of the traditional medicine. It hopes that further examination could result in a different view to health of people and more options evaluated in this regard.
Factors such as more muscle mass, larger body surface, being younger, male gender, and physical activity increases the basal metabolic rate; on the other hand according to the traditional medicine point of view muscular body, large body shape, infancy age, being male and the high mobility is Considered as the characteristic of warm temperament. As well as factors decreasing the basal metabolic rate are entirely similar to the characteristic of cold temperament.

Background and In traditional medicine of Iran has explanted the detail of benefit and damage of plants. The pomegranate is one of the plants have noticed in traditional medicine in Iran. It has prescript for prevention, treatment and controlling of diseases. This essay has research the attributes of some part of the pomegranate in parts of the human body .From this view we compare traditional medicine with modern medicine.
Methods and Materials: In this essay we have research with some original books In Iranian traditional medicine, such as: Canon of Medicine, makhzan ol advieh, Tohfatolmomenin, ashamel, kholasatolhekmat about attribute of pomegranate. And even we derivate some science essay in source information like: Google scholar PubMed. It has discussed and searches the property of this valuable plant.
According of some experiences in last hundred years and new knowledge, pomegranate can use for treatment of very diseases alone or as complementary treatment.
In traditional medicine .pomegranate is a plant that has different parts like: fruits, leaf, and stem. Root which are very valuable in medicine. This property is in all kinds of the pomegranate: Such as sour pomegranate, sweet and sour-sweet ones. That we have called: gabs According to Iranian medicine, every material that has gabs cause invigoration. If this material enter in every organ of body invigorate it and prevent to enter poison in its pomegranate causes invigoration of stomach, prevention of liver bleeding, healing of wound ,prevention of cause some headaches associated with brain ,improvement of some diseases in ears and throat and nose, remove some post nasal discharges , anti-allergic , anti-heart diseases, anticancer, anti-inflammation effects ,control of diabetes and cure some skin problems.

Background and According to ancient Iranian stories, medicine is attributed to mythological kings; and after Greek medicine entrance and its integration with Iranian traditional medicine and consequently, with entrance of Islam, the compilation of medical books got started. After a period of stability and establishment, Iranian medicine was well-known. In Qajar time, with the chaotic health situations and widespread fatal infectious diseases, the new medicine came into world by establishment of Dar ul-Funun; medical domains became expanded and one of the most famous physicians of Naseri and Mozaffari era, Mirza Ali Hamedani, compiled the book “Mozaffari's Pediatric Revival”. He had a great role in pediatric development and this article has tried to introduce his work.
Methods and Materials: The present research has been done based on library study. Mirza Ali ibn Zayn al-Abidin’s book which was collected in 1935, and other books and articles of Qajar time were studied.
it seems that the book is the product of Doctor Mirza Ali Hamedani’s teachings in Dar ul-Funun and abroad. Moreover, it includes medical issues of Qajar time and particularly medical problems and difficulties of children and measures to reduce their damages and casualties.

Background and Olive is a paradise fruit that has been focused in Holy Quran, modern medicine as well as traditional medicine. Olive is a part of health promoting Mediterranean- diet which is used as drug and food throughout the world too. This study was designed with an intention to provide complete review of fig status in religion, traditional medicine, pharmacological and medicinal compounds and activities.
Methods and Materials: Various resources and data banks such as SID, Medline, Pubmed, Science Direct, ISI and ISC were used for searching about sources and related articles. Holy Quran, Quran interpretation (tafsir), Islamic narrations and hadith and also reliable traditional medicine and medicinal plants books were discussed. Searching was performed according to key words containing Olive, nutrients, medicinal plants and Olive, Holy Quran, anticancer effect, and medicinal plant from 1994- 2016. Finally data were extracted and results were categorized.
According to the results, Holy Quran as well as Islamic narrations recommended olive usage and this is an ancient medicinal plant. Different nutrients especially phenolic compound like hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in olive make it a protective and preventive agent against oxidative stress. Positive medical results of olive on cancer cell lines and animal models prove its effective role in the treatment of diseases such as cancer.
Olive compound having antioxidant activities may lead to treat many diseases including cancers, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and nervous diseases. The present study presents documents that confirming olive benefits in Islam religion as well as traditional medicine.

Background and Bowel obstruction is one of gastrointestinal disorders that may occur due to mechanical or functional causes. Management of functional gastrointestinal obstructions is often non-surgical or supportive. Based on the new strategy of the World Health Organization on the use of human experiences of different ethnic groups, it is recommended to use traditional medicine recommendations in the managing of various diseases, to reduce the costs and risks of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This paper discusses the perspectives of Jorjani about causes and diagnosis of Gholonj disease.
Methods and Materials: Research in this review was based on contents of Jorjani’s books such as Zakhireh Kharazmshahi and Alaghraz Altebbie. The data collected was analyzed under content analysis.
It seems that some his instructions can be considered for research activities and better management of these disorders.
In viewpoint of Jorjani , Gholonj is a bowel disease characterized by abdominal pain and disturbed defecation and often occurs in the colon. He intestinal obstruction called ileus. He classified causes of gholonj disease in five categories: Sofli, Soddi, Ryhi, Varami , Eltevaei and also has been introduced the risk factors and treatments of each one.

Background and The aim of this study was to learn more about Razi and his views on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
Methods and Materials: In this study, library researches and online articles were used.
Razi’s suggested treatments include: Wet the temperament, Rid the body of mucus successive goals by diarrhea, Phlebotomy (blood drawing), The use of liquid diet, Eating nutrient, Exercise, Face and body massage with special oils, Washing the body, Aromatherapy, Smell drugs, Avoid sunstroke,Get enough sleep, Engage patients in conversation with others, Make the patient happy and participate him/her in joyous scenes, Razi emphasized on non-pharmacological treatment .
Results obtained from this study indicated that Razi followed Hippocrates, Galenus and Rufus in terms of mental disorders. And in his most important book, Al-Hawi, which is a complete encyclopedia of medicine to his age, he stated the majority of scientist’s ideas before him about disease, and described his criticism towards them. He also stated his views based on experience.

Background and Some times Josha' or belching may repeat frequently and interferes with daily social activities and quality of life. The modern medicine couldnt recognize all types and the etiologies of belching yet. So it is necessary to use complementary medicine. It seems that review of the term, classification and etiology of belching in Iranian Traditional Medicine can help to treatment.
Methods and Materials: This study is a library research. We found the synonyms for "Eructation" and "Belching" in the dictionaries and then We used "Noor Digital library of medicine" and searched for the keyword "Josha’" and "Arough" in the original texts from the third to the fourteenth century including Al-Hawi, kamelo-ssanaato-tebbiyah, Al-qanun Fil-Tibb (canon of medicine), Zakhireh kharazmshahi, Tebbe Akbari and sharhol-asbab val-alamat.
All of the books had the same view about three characteristics in the definition of Josha'. Josha' or eructation is the ejection of gas or air through the mouth from the stomach. Josha' was classified into two categories: normal and abnormal. Abnormal Josha' was classified into three main groups based on the type of abnormal smell: sour, stinky, with smell of the food that has been eaten. The etiologies of Josha’ in Iranian Traditional Medicine was divided into two general categories: internal and external. Stomach diseases, and diseases in other organs such as the spleen, intestine and catarrh are internal causes. External causes, refers to life style factors like the foods and eating habits.
This study shows that the belching definition and mechanism is very similar to Josha'. There is some defects in classification and treatment of belching in new researches such as Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria. Those neglected points are the role of some causing factors and the smell of the eructation. It seems that attention to these small tips can greatly improve the treatment steps.

Background and At the present time, for treatment of patients with mental disorders, authentic medical world’s resources emphasize on association of non-drug complementary medical treatments with herbal treatments. Regarding the fact that patients’ families are considered as both recipient and provider care units, they are the most important audience of health system and they play amajor role in patient’s recovery. Therefore, investigation about their knowledge and attitudes towards the existed treatments could be extremely effective for continuation and quality improvement of the treatment.
Methods and Materials: The current research is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional, one-staged study. It was performed on 181 of caregivers who took care of patients affected by mental disorders who visited one of the health, educational centers of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. For data collection, the researcher questionnaire was used; reliability and validity of the questionnaires were approved by content approval method and Cronbach’s Alpha 0.78, respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 21.
According to the results, caregivers had an average level of knowledge and attitudes towards complementary treatment. Since knowledge and attitudes of caregivers are considered to be as one of the most important factors in improvement of patient’s recovery and prevention of illness relapse, therefore, planning seems necessary to increase knowledge and change attitudes of caregivers who receive health and treatment services.
Out of the total 181 participants, there were 100 female (55.2%) and the rest were male. Fifty seven patients aged 40-49 and 65 (35.9%) had intermediate education. The results revealed that knowledge and attitudes of most of the caregivers towards complementary treatment were average. Results of the statistical findings showed that there is a meaningful relationship between demographic characteristics of occupation and educational level and the level of knowledge and attitudes of the caregivers (p=0.02).

Background and Fars province has a desirable condition in terms of diversity of medicinal plants and existing numerous apothecary and traditional medicinal plants market shows the people attention to the medicinal plants. Recognition of communities taste and approach to the medicinal plants can be a good guide for planners and policy makers in the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-economic characteristics, distribution, and consumption of medicinal plants in Shiraz apothecaries in order to obtain objective information and insight on the status of the use of medicinal plants.
Methods and Materials: This research survey was conducted on 247 qualified apothecaries in Shiraz. Relevant information including socio-economic status sellers and also the most important plants in apothecary were obtained through a questionnaire of medicinal herbs sellers.
It seems that the use of medicinal plants in Fars province has desirable conditions. It recommended that the needed planning and policy for medicinal plants cultivation and also providing training courses for sellers in the province be considered.
The results showed that average age of the individuals was about 39 years with work experience of about 19 years that only about 7% of them have relation education to medicinal plants. About 55 percent of them have college education and only 24 percent gained their drug information through the study. Most people referred to apothecary (48 percent) were from poor economic class society. Chamomile, borage, lavender, descurainia and cinnamon are the best-selling medicinal plants in Shiraz apothecaries. Most of referring to the medicinal herbs sellers in Shiraz are stomach problems, colds, diseases of the nerves, fat and blood pressure. More existing plants in Shiraz apothecaries are prepared from the Fars province.

Background and As a type of choripetalae in dictyledons, favania belongs to a species called favania which is closest to rosaceae. It is a grass with fleshy stems lying on the ground and white or yellow flowers. Nearly 130 types of this plant, which often grow in moderate zones, have already been detected. In traditional medicine, the plant has been termed narmashk, oodo-l-reih, hajaro-l-zaib, xarchakuk, shirza, abuzeidan, vardolhamir, roman-e mesri, vardolhemar, and ood-e salib, of which ood-e salib is the most frequent one. According to the studies in traditional medicine, favania is useful in treating a number of diseases, particularly children diseases (also called om-e sebian). The present research aims at reviewing the studies related to this plant and examining its medicinal properties in medical and literary texts in order to realize when and how to apply it in traditional and modern medicines.
Methods and Materials: The study represents a library research for which the data was collected from original resources in literature and traditional medicine and was compared with the present resources to detect if the products of this plant can be potentially used in treating diseases.
It seems that traditional and new studies support each other and confirm that careful analysis of the past studies and complementing their findings with recent developments will lead to useful medicinal products for treating many diseases.
In the past, favania was characterized by two general properties: (1) as a normal treatment similar to other medicinal plants and (2) as a metaphysical and supernatural treatment as a result of perceived magical powers. Moreover, the studies have revealed that favania is useful for treating convulsion and epilepsy and for easing parturition, among other properties.

Gāvzabān is a medicinal plant known as Lesan-al-thor in traditional literatures and used as antidepressant, anxiolytic, general tonic especially cardiotonic, and antitussive. It is also administered for treatment of melancholic disorders in traditional Persian medicine. Different botanical descriptions are available for this medicinal plant in traditional manuscripts which implied to this fact that different plant species used as Gāvzabān in different ages. In this paper, four species from the family Boraginaceae which have more similarities to descriptions in traditional literatures including Echium amoenum, Anchusa azurea, Buglossoides arvensis, and Borago officinalis have been described and their pharmacological and toxicological data according to traditional literatures and modern phytotherapy have been considered.