نشریه سیاست نامه علم و فناوری
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 12، پاییز 1394)

Social Entrepreneurship is a novel concept that first defined almost three decades ago. Many definitions have been offered for this term, Social Entrepreneurship just like Entrepreneurship that had been used more than three centuries ago for the first time, does not have a specific definition. Though we can find similarities in Social Entrepreneurship definitions offered, but they have fundamental differences in some cases. In almost all definitions offered for Social Entrepreneurship, social mission beyond just personal profits is emphasized. But something which is neglected in all definitions is that identifying social problems and solutions for them is strongly depended on social entrepreneur’s value system. In this article, in order to explain Social Entrepreneurship concept, part of Social Entrepreneurship definitions investigated.

Social enterprises are businesses with the main purpose of solving social problems. Social enterprises carry out part of the governments duties and they naturally benefit society. Despite these advantages, social enterprises have many challenges. With existing legal forms in our country, what programs, policies and laws is needed for social enterprises in Iran is an Important question which requires comprehensive researches to be answered. In this article, legal forms, programs, policies and laws related to social enterprise has been investigated in some selected countries. No need to mention that the results cannot be used for our country without considering cultural, social, economic and legal status. This research has been done with the exclusively purpose of informing about programs and actions done related to social enterprise in some selected countries. Government to support and control of these enterprises, a set of laws, policies and programs are regulated. In this paper, the legal structure of social enterprises are examined, as well as programs, policies and laws in other countries. Obviously, laws and programs that are examined objectively, and regardless of cultural, social, economic and legal in our country will not be used. These programs and laws have been examined just for our audiences to be familiar with the actions and programs in the different countries.

In the present era, due to population growth and as a result of water shortages, water resource management is a very difficult process than in the past. Today, this concept has been accepted that issues of water are not only «natural» or «technical» but also are multidimensional and interdisciplinary problems. One of the important aspects in relation to water issues are social issues associated with this issue. In this direction, the necessity of social vision to water management systems has increasingly been felt which derived from context of a society. The present article, using of grounded theory, try to narrate the related to water issues from the perspective of local community. The results indicate that the interaction impact of building the hasanlu’s dam and regional management issues generates discontent in the local community that implications of these factors caused a negative attitude and greater use of water resources regardless of the problem of water scarcity in the region had been by the local community. Such an attitude not only is derived from limited good attitude to the resources, but also is aggravating factor of the attitude.

The Young Farmers’ Club is a public organization that started its unofficial activities in a home library on 1374. After the formation of a community consist of rural youth in Mashhad, these people went to their villages, and they establish 54 clubs in the villages of Khorasan at the same time, which later reached 168 clubs. They main role is to gather other youth and people of the village in order to discuss the various issues in the village and probable practical scientific solutions for solving them, leading to better progression of their village. These young people also seek to establish practical connections with various organization to ask them for necessary facilities and equipment, which can contribute to the development of the village. The mission of the headquarters in the Young Farmers’ Club is to establish this institution in the village and reform the mindset of rural youth. As a result, people and youth themselves will start to build up and change their environment instead of waiting for the others› help.

Economic development of our country requires developing rural areas and defining the linkage between countryside, cities and regions precisely. In spite of all efforts to develop rural areas by policies and defining a range of projects, achieving the optimal situation is still out of reach and rural areas are being emptied of inhabitants. Reaching rural developed areas› goals, requires discovering the causes of emigration. In this paper, we will answer this question that what is the effect of Carbon Sequestration Project (CSP) on rural to urban areas› emigration variables. The results show that causes of emigration is rooted in contraction between countryside and city. Therefore, local developers› projects and their developing models cannot response to all aspects of problem, and thus, emigrating will continue under the current condition. Solving this problem will be obtaining only by physical plans and equally resource distribution, in which local and rural projects should be defined and well served under physical plans and its strategy.

The purpose of this paper is to study of agents and factors of university-based entrepreneurial ecosystem, determination of health indicators and the study of its formation models. Universitybased entrepreneurial ecosystem foundation is structure and behavior of a network of knowledgebased companies with academic origins (academic spin-offs), which is a key technology base around which to collaborate and compete shared and common development (Co-evolution). This study concludes university-based entrepreneurial ecosystem has greater capacity for economic development than the academic spin-offs and recommends academic science and technology parks are turning to university-based entrepreneurial around one or more nuclear technology.

Building social business: The new kind of capitalism that serves humanity’s most pressing needs.