فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 29 (بهار 1396)

In recent ages, smart and flexible land use planning have mainly focused on guidance of urban development and prevention of  irregular growth of cities, especially metropolitans with lack of monitoring and control during the process of land use planning that will lead to destroying a lot of lands with priority of conservation and agriculture. A glance at the procedure of changes in the past shows that the strategies and instruments of management and also of land use planning did not have enough and essential substantive and practical values. Therefore more efficient thoughts must be considered and used to adopt new management policies, simply because the patterns and relationships of land use have a significant influence on the vitality, character and all together the quality of a certain community. One of the suggested strategies for smart analysis of land use in zones with potential of development is using a model named LAND USE CONFLICT IDENTIFICATION STRATEGY (LUCIS) which has been used for the first time by the urban planning experts of Florida University in 9 regions of Florida State, during the last decade. In this study we have endeavored to follow the path of this research based on developed ideologies and methods. The Land-Use Conflict Identification Strategy, (LUCIS), is a goal-driven GIS model that produces a spatial representation of probable patterns of future land use. LUCIS identifies sensitive environmental factors that would be impacted by urban development, and conversely areas that are positive factors for conservation uses. LUCIS also identifies suitable and/or unsuitable lands for specific types of urban development potential or agricultural productivity. In this framework, to investigate the remedy of efficiency of this model, twenty second region of Tehran (Region 22 of Tehran) was chosen as the case study because of its distinguished characteristics and developing conditions. This region which is known as the west entrance of Tehran has been considered as a developing region due to its connections to the city limits in recent years and having natural resources such as northern mountains of the region as well as dry rivers which has been influenced by ungovernable urban development.  The aim - according to application of theoretical content and methodology of LUCIS model –was achieving a scheme that is consistent with natural and artificial characteristics in this region with focus on creation of balance and coordination between the procedure of developing and conservation of natural resources. To consider analyzing the necessary informational layers, the results demonstrate that the residential zone makes a rather vast part of this region (over 25 percent) – using that distributed in the whole of this region especially between Chitgar Park and Vard Aavard Dry River. The most Comparative conflicts (with the rate of more than 25 percent) have happened between residential-conservational zones at the northern parts of the region and near the dry rivers with mixed used zones in the available urban fabric. According to this, intervention strategies have been compiled in different land-use planning scenarios and performed for elimination of conflicts.

A City with culture-oriented pattern can’t be implemented anywhere in the field. Identity is an important factor that shapes the townscape. A townscape is a collection of natural and man-made factors that have been formed under the influence of special natural, cultural, social and economic characteristics of that given town and it's the place of materialization of the special characteristics of that town. On the other hand, urban spaces can reminde people of the symbolic aspects of culture and history. In facing with the appearance of modern towns, one sees a crisis caused by the disproportion of spaces to their current functions, composition of inconsistent uses, uniformity and lack of dynamism in urban spaces. This paper describes the concept of identity and culture. In terms of that cultural identity can affect the townscape and the face of the city. Objective of reasearch is to know these following questions, What factors play a role in physical identity of Iranian historical cities? How can the component culture influence on the physical identity of Iranian cities? And Can the cultural identity components of cities be proposed as the landmarks and signs in the historical cities? This research has two hypothesis, firstly Cities’ cultural identity components can be presented as symbols in historical cities. And secondly Attention to the culture concept in the form and sense of today Iranian cities can be controlled cities’ image identity crisis effectively. The method explored in components of the physical identity of Shiraz city is a descriptive – analytical and field method to gather information and documents are available. Results of this study shows that the towns have an appearance in which uniformity of the urban fabrics, inconsistency between the apparent form of the space and its meaning, inattention to the notion of form and meaning in our culture is observable and consequently, there are forms that have no meaning. In addition, research suggests that the consequences of belonging to a place in the Iranian city of proving spatial identity. So, the components of cultural identity of the city can be considered as signs or landmarks of the historical cities. Urban semiotics are considered as a valuable tool for the representation of the cultural identity components in urban areas. According to the results, the following suggestions can be considered in the cultural sphere of urban design. Recreating and revival Iranian historical cities with respect to the cities’ natural, synthetic and human identity components; Strengthening of historical cities’ textures interoperability with the approach of regeneration of cultural identity components of cities; Locating of urban landmarks and elements of town squares as a contiguous cognitive and perceptual map for strengthening the cities’ cultural components; Taking advantage of peoples’ memories and appropriate concepts to design of signs, landmarks and elements; Creating the cultural spaces with the appropriate functioning of the cultural dynamics of neighborhoods and cities and Highlight the urban elements and landmarks form with the proper use of materials and colors appropriate to the climate and the cultural identity of each city.

Detailed plan is the most guiding and systematic tool for implementation of a city master plan. Despite of its importance certain evaluation of its efficiency has rarely been done. In order to fulfill the objectives of a detailed plan, its success, strengths and weaknesses should be scientifically assessed. There is a gap between planning of a detailed plan and its execution, resulting from the missing link in the process of urban planning and the implementation of urban plans. Therefore, to achieve a dynamic continuous and flexible planning and minimize the gap, the evaluation of detailed plans before and during the process of its implementation is a necessary task for urban managers. This paper aims to assess the detailed plan of region 6 of Shiraz by using an integrated method. By studying comprehensive methods for evaluating urban plans and reviewing the literature related to the different methods and techniques, a combination of the two methods of "Plan Process Result" and "Plan/Policy Implementation Program" are selected for assessment the efficiency of   the mentioned case study. The next step was to introduce and select the suitable evaluation criteria according to the situation and the conditions of the detailed plan of region 6. The detailed plan of Shiraz was first prepared by one of the consulting urban planning firm in 1372 and revised in 1383. The main aim of this new plan with regard to region 6 was to enhance the importance of the region in the West of Shiraz. To do this, the objectives of improvements of physical, environmental, social and urban management based on public participation were considered To gather and analysis the data needed for the study, different techniques had been used such as content analysis of master and detailed plans related to the selected criteria, interview techniques and some field studies. Factor analysis and analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (S.W.O.T) and also AHP method are used for examination of the procedures. The results of the study show that the conformity, internal and external consistency have gained high score in relation to other criteria such as connectivity, urban development direction, human and financial resources and  user participation which  the  two latter have got the lowest scores.  AHP method was selected for determining the weight of the criteria the scores are as below: conformity(./26), internal consistency (./38), connectivity (./.96), external consistency (./145), Urban development direction(./.43), human and financial resources and commitments ( ./.27) and public participation(./.41). To reduce the deficiency of detailed plans, it is recommended to use social plans for a better public participation in urban planning. Also a systematic approach and providing strategic plans instead of physical plant are useful. Increasing financial resources and paying attention to local organization are the most important tools for managing the implementation of detailed plans. The results In addition to examining the strengths and weaknesses of the preparation and implementation of the detailed plan, the process of urban detailed project evaluation suggests that it can be used in the evaluation of similar projects.

Human kind manifested their express and being in the world with the nature of the action and the culture of "home" incorporation, Due to its fundamental shape by the environment, the structure of the "marquee" placed upright. This article argues that by using the concept of semiotics in the realm of "practical aspects" and "syntactic" and "semantic" syndrome with qualitative analysis of field observations and library in the comparative study of two species of marquee with heterogeneous platform, on how the impact of the social and cultural aspect of weight compared to the climate, the functional relationships of causality building materials and technique’s, functionality and demonstration in shape (Signifier) marquees. This research seeks to test the hypothesis that: 1. The shape of home before of "natural causes" effected by the "cultural and social implications" and is followed natural causes and the social and cultural implications. 2. The response of  house in the same natural reasons causes the House to unequal results in any "cultural" platform. Researches by using the science of social semiotics of cultural implication in the two aboriginal case study have been extracted and then seeks to explain the implications of the relationship with causality is naturally raised. Signs in the shape of a marquee such as purporting factors of cultural, social backgrounds can be mentioned. In this study, practical aspects (activities of function and behavior) and syntactic and semantic aspects syndrome (associated with the field of cultural and social environment) as a research tools are applied. According to the hypothesis of this research, meanwhile a comparative study of the symptoms (Signifier, the shape of the marquee) has been considered, which signify the concepts (signified) social and cultural and other reviews of samples of different cultural contexts and its impact on making a difference in the slab (Shapes) and compared the effect of natural cause is done that leads to the perception of the concepts and the role of social and cultural implication. Considering the results, it turns out that not only the cultural and ideal "implication" on the establishment figure in the marquee, despite the impact of the tangible natural and functional causes have a role "pivot point" but also beyond that natural causes in the context of any culture in the concept of a "cycle of culture-nature's" refers to a cultural nature. Therefore, no effective natural causality on the shape of the House in its nature, is not a mere natural, but also cultural and social meaning in this cycle. The Compliance of marquee Seachador & Oey in two culturally dissimilar fields and through natural causes (climate, materials and techniques,...) from within the culture has come to the different answers that indicate; (Signifier) is the shape of the tabernacle, the tent of the culture and the form (form, space, structure, process), indicating the platform's culture. Hence, the "signified culture" imply fundamentally on the marquee and the "cycle of culture - nature" expresses natural causes at all rational punctilio in harmony with the role of culture and belief.

Islamic urban design should be based upon primary religious sources. Many researchers do not pay enough attention to the primary religious sources and usually get their foundations from disreputable sources. Those who refer to primary sources do not have reliable methods to interpret these references. This prevents from achieving a dependable and comprehensive Islamic urban design theory. Accordingly, exploring definitions of religious sources and approaching the fundamental concepts of urban studies are of utmost importance. In this regard, the concept of "City" and "urbanization" is the first priority. Additionally, Quran plays a dominant role in providing basic and strategic policies between religious sources such as Quran and Hadith, because it is the constitution of Islam. In this research, we present the exact definition of "City" and "urbanization" during a methodological study of Quran, named "Tadabbor". According to this method, we have to review surahs comprehensively by considering their cohesiveness not just verses independently. Also, we explain about the chief foundations upon which Islamic city is created and survived on. These are elements of existence and stability of cities according to Quran's policies. The study -based upon Tadabbor method- shows that Quran defines city (or Madinah) as a place in which the God's sovereignty over the earth is realized by aggregation and centralization of believers (Ummah) around the "vali" -or in other words God's saints- all oriented around "Vahy" (revelation from God). Thus "urbanization" is a kind of submission to the sovereignty of god's scripture (Quran) and substitute (Vali) that results in centralization in a place on the earth. This definition includes five key concepts: "God", "Vahy", "Vali", "Ummah" and "earth" which shows that urbanization is the result of their interaction. This kind of urbanization is associated with a type of life which has four evolution phases. Urban life as a prepubertal child should mature as a grown Islamic and divine urbanization. In the first phase, the "social" aspect of urbanization evolves and is in line with five fundamental elements according to Quranic studies. These are "law", "Sovereignty", "aggregation", "social interaction" and "ownership".  The second step of urban life is the evolution of the "corporeal" aspect, in which urban life should provide the corporeal needs of Ummah as earthlings and has four indispensable bases: "Residence", "Livelihood", "Development" and "Security". The third stage of Islamic urban life evolution is its "Divine" appearance. Developing this attitude needs four essential concepts: "Worship", "Education & Cultivation", "Thinking & remembrance" and "donation". This stage is the highest level of a city but it should also be widespread and survive that constitute the fourth phase, the "Civilizational" aspect of urban life. After creation of the Islamic city and completion of the "social", "corporeal" and "divine" dimensions of urbanization, it should play a role on a global scale and sustain forever. To achieve this stage, two concepts should come to existence: "Global interactions" and "Generation". All the four stages and their fifteen key concepts make a strong foundation for reaching the Islamic urbanization, named by Quran: "Hayat Tayyebah".

According to Islam theories, the major duty of human being is to recognize himself, which under this circumstance he would be able to know God too. Scrutinizing such a divine message, we come to this conclusion that human being can achieve the highest aim of creation while getting the knowledge and recognition of the world’s infinite intelligence. It is obvious that achievement to the greatest aim of creation must be parallel to human perfection. Self-recognition and self-identification are two important issues that should be more concerned by Iran educational system. From this point of view, the success of any subject of education must be evaluated and assessed in terms of this criterion that how high the educational system can realize the human being. Based on what is said, there arises a very particular question: what method of teaching and creation of architectural work can result in self-recognition as the intersection of science and art? As the problem raised in this research has been ignored by many researchers, we got right into the fields involved with the issue of awareness of human conscious such as humanistic psychology, symbolism and phenomenology. The culmination of this analysis is to recognize the fact that all these field, have the same principles and strategies. All these fields strongly focus on the fact that if human is honest toward himself and communicates with the surrounding phenomena in the same manner of dwelling, he can have access on a great part of his own identity. Based on these approaches, phenomena are not things we can see or touch, but they are half recognized in material worlds expecting for being realized completely by creatures. Observing the honesty and avoiding the domineering view can pave the way to achieve the non -visible part of these phenomena. According to scientists` view, human being can have self-recognition with honest communication resulting in growth and development of virtues. This type of self-recognition accompanied by cosmology occurs in daily life activities unconsciously when the human beings have a complete compatibility with the surrounding phenomena and has a dwelling relationship. The most important point is that the self- recognition is concomitant with constructions. Therefore, the architecture topic can be regarded as the most suitable and reliable realm of self-representation for creator and audience of architectural work. The research hypothesis has been formulated in such way. The settlement -based design can result in self-recognition. Settlement refers to a strategy which relies on horizontalism and prevention from domination on the self-reality and surrounding. Based on the practical experiences of this research, the trainee tries to recreate what he has touched several times and can love. The phenomenological analysis of this design method shows that the experience of humanistic moments in revealing the details of architectural spaces helps the trainee to remove the duality and contrast of innate feeling and reality of the material world in a compromise towards the unity. The trainee is the organizer of functional spaces and also involved in the thought architecture.

Nearly most of the cities in developing countries are somehow suffering from environmental problems. While such cities are confronting rapid population growth and urban sprawl, environmental disasters like air and water pollution, drying lakes, droughts, etc. are challenging the future of these cities. Urmia city in Northwest of Iran, located near an invaluable natural park (Urmia Lake) is not an exception. The problem is that Urmia Lake in recent years is experiencing a rapid process of drying, mainly because of infrastructure development in it, dams on rivers, drought and inefficient water resources management. It is obvious that Urmia City which has been relied on the lake throughout its history currently is environmentally in danger, especially because of salty dusts dispersion. So Urmia lakes crises made Urmia city as one of the risky centers. In addition, deteriorating environmental conditions at inside and proximate area of ​​the city increases vulnerability of it. This research is seeking for planning strategies to overcome this issue and decrease its consequences. But past experiences show that decreasing these consequences are not possible only by planning strategies and design in cities. For this purpose, a deeper approach is needed; an approach that considers all aspects of city and environment and the people living in it. One of the new approaches in urban planning to improve the interaction between urban and environment, is Eco-City approach. Basis of Eco-city is development and rehabilitation in a manner of consistent with the nature and culture. Eco-city seeks for strategies to overcome environmental crises through cultural ideas. Thus, this approach focuses on human environmental structure (city) and his lifestyle. In order to construct an analytical framework for the research, the Idea of Eco-city was based on two main concepts; 1) Urban Living System, and 2) efficient transportation. To investigate the Urmia City relating documents were researched and some field studies were done. Through these studies, environmental, historical and cultural spots in all over Urmia city were listed. Afterward, to identify the nodes out of spots, a questionnaire was used and some data bases were explored. In this case (Eco-city of Urmia) Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used for data analysis. Results shows that, Urmia city has physical, cultural and environmental potentials for making changes in resident’s life style toward better coordinate with nature. At the end, relying on this potentials strategic plan to improve environment in Urmia has been provided. This plan mainly includes improving the ecological network in the city and linkages between green areas and water streams, reinforcing the link between cultural and environmental nodes and population centers, planning an efficient public transportation system according to identified network. This research concludes that in order to better plan the cities to overcome environmental problems, it is necessary to integrate the nature and culture of the cities. It is a need to ease people’s participation and help them to plan their cities themselves. In this way there is more hope that cities can resist in front of ecological disasters and environmental crises.

The institutionalization of cultural events play an important role in stabilizing approach to urban regeneration and improving environmental quality as a factor for heritage protection, restoration and rehabilitation of physical structures, new design and new functions in line with the previous and the arrival of new structures. The cultural regeneration of a culture as a development strategy is very important in the local and global scale. Since the 1970s, many European cities, some sort of restructuring was unexpected that the reasons may be handling industry and consequently employment, migration, urban middle class to the suburbs, changing patterns of employment, the development of shopping centers outside the cities and increasing dependence on private car ownership. In the 70's decade, the manufacturing sector, followed by urban decline and governments attempt to shift to a service economy, including the factors that cause changes in the theory of politicians in the 80's decade, which for the first time, culture as a tool of urban regeneration and economic problems were caused. Due to concerns of the finance, the arts and creative industries in particular emerged quickly led to economic development. Taking into account this new reality, many cities were forced together in the quest for uniqueness of the cultural, human and physical advantage over their competition to emphasize to other cities. This competition between cities in an effort to attract and deploy them in the field of hi-tech industries, as well as private sector investment and become a central part in national and international tourism and culture reflected. Increased competition led many in the policy with the aim of recreating the index of cultural distinctions from other cities, driven, in which the cultures plays a key role in urban regeneration policies. The main objective of this research is to develop a conceptual framework in order to explain the policies, culture-based urban regeneration and cultural factors affecting urban regeneration. In this regard, this study seeks to answer the question, "What are the cultural policies affecting urban regeneration?" Then, the approaches and cultural policies, and at the end of the components such as the "cultural uses", "urban cultural activities in the public space", "combines urban design creative cultural activities", "protection of cultural heritage" and "cultural tourism" as key measures of culture-based urban regeneration, urban regeneration project has introduced a three comparative tests were in Istanbul, Turkey. In this paper, the strategy of logical reasoning is used as a research strategy. This article is largely descriptive, sowe will attempt to review the concepts of urban renewal, cultural policy effectively introduced and the role and function in culture-based urban regeneration scrutiny and thus the basis for the continuation and identify pathways towards cultural policy affecting culture-based urban regeneration are provided. The skill of reading and studding documents based on the contents of the books, articles and documents as tools for research in relation to urban regeneration projects in the study sample were used. Finally, examples of effective components of the solutions culture-based to successfully achieve urban regeneration projects.