مجله پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1396)

metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint due to lateral deviation of the great toe and medial deviation of the first metatarsal bone. The most common interventions in cases with mild to moderate deformity is the use of orthosis which includes two types of splints, dynamic splint for daily use and static splint to be used during the night. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of hallufix dynamic splint on hallux valgus angle in subjects with mild and moderate hallux valgus with night splint.
This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 34 subjects who had referred to orthopedic specialists in Isfahan and the surrounding towns, Iran, with complaints of hallux valgus . These subjects were divided into two groups of 17 people that were matched in terms of age, gender, and degree of deformity. Then, one group was given night splint and the other group hallufix splint, randomly. Hallux valgus angle was measured using anterior-posterior weight bearing radiograph at baseline and after 6 weeks of orthosis use.
The results showed that the use of both orthoses reduced the hallux valgus angle, but this reduction was not statically significant (P > 0.05). In addition, the effect of both splints on the reduction of hallux valgus angle was similar (P = 0.97).
The use of night splint and hallufix dynamic splint for 6 weeks did not cause any improvement in hallux valgus angle.

Appropriate movement patterns are important for both injury prevention and athletic performance. Therefore, the use of Functional Movement Screen (FMS), which has been shown to be effective in predicting sport injuries, is recommended by many sports specialists in designing training programs. On the other hand, questions remain regarding its utility as a means to evaluate the effectiveness of training. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a functional training program can affect the fundamental movement patterns.
The study participants consisted of 27 youth male soccer players in the age range of 14 to 16 years and free from pain and previous injury in different layers. The subjects were allocated to experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed functional training for 10 weeks. The total time devoted to training was the same in both groups. Before and after the functional training, FMS was evaluated in both groups. Independent t-test and ANCOVA were used for statistical analysis at the significance level of P A significant difference was observed in FMS score between experimental group (18.07 ± 1.49) and control group (16.07 ± 1.11) (P This study demonstrated that fundamental movement patterns improved as a result of a functional training intervention in youth male soccer players. Therefore, coaches and sports specialists can be recommended to pay special attention to functional training. The investigation of the effect of functional training on other injury risk factors in future studies seems necessary.

Anomia - naming deficiency - is considered as the main symptom of aphasia. Although there are various treatments for naming deficiency, with the advent of technology, one of the ways that has expanded today is the use of computers in treatment. Although the effectiveness of computerized therapies has been investigated in different languages, due to the lack of examination of these treatments in the Persian language, the present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of TAVANA computerized therapy in naming skills in a Persian-speaking nonfluent aphasia patient.
This was a single-subject study in which a patient with nonfluent aphasia and naming deficiency was chosen to receive computer therapy. In addition, a collection of non-teaching words was considered to evaluate the effect of generalization for the patient. Visual analysis and effect size of the percetage of non-overlapping data (PND) were used for data analysis.
Computer therapy improved the confronting naming ability in the client (PND = 100). There was also an improvement in the maintenance and generalization of untrained items as a result of this treatment (PND = 100).
The results of the study support the effectiveness of TAVANA computerized therapy, as an effective, intensive, low-cost, and admissible treatment in the Persian language, in improving the naming skills of a patient with nonfluent aphasia.

Assessment of motor skills and the use of a suitable tool to identify children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) appear to be critical in preschool ages. Therefore the main aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition-Short Form (BOT-2 SF), in preschool children.
A total of 306 preschool children participated in this study (4-7 years). Among them, 30 children with DCD were selected. To assess the ability of the BOT-2 SF to detect DCD, we measured the sensitivity and specificity using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method.
The area under ROC curve for the sensitivity and specificity were 0.91 and 0.93, respectively. In general, the area under the curve was 0.97.
The BOT-2 SF has high sensitivity and specificity in preschoolers; therefore it can be useful in evaluating motor skills and identifying children with DCD.

The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MDF) of biceps femoris, rectous femoris, and vastus laterialis muscles after one bout of repeated-sprint ability (RSA) and cold water immersion (CWI).
Twenty trained athletes were selected to take part in this study. After performing repeated-sprint activity, 10 participants immersed in cold water (14 °C) and 10 participants sat on a chair at room temperature. Electromyography-Maximal voluntary contraction (EMG-MVC) was performed at four intervals: before and after RSA, after CWI or passive rest and after 24 h.
The results showed that there was a significant decrease in RMS of the vastus laterialis [PCWI = 0.037, PControl (PCON) = 0.010] and rectus femoris (PCON, PCWI = 0.0001) muscles after RSA activity in the 1st day and the MDF of the vastus laterialis (PCWI = 0.100, PCON = 0.850) muscle also had no significant changes during RSA. Meanwhile, the MDF of rectus femoris decreased significantly (P = 0.001) right after CWI and the last set of the activity (P = 0.030). There were also no significant changes in RMS (PCON = 1.00, PCWI = 0.999) and MDF (PCWI = 0.190, PCON = 0.450) of biceps femoris.
Our study showed that CWI had no effects on neuro muscular function.

Shoulder injuries are common among athletes in sports that involve overhead throwing of the ball such as handball. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the timing and activation intensity of shoulder muscles during handball penalty throwing in individuals with shoulder pain and in control subjects.
Using BTS FREE EMG 300 system with bipolar surface electrodes, the timing (onset) and intensity of the activation of the shoulder muscles were measured including upper trapezius, anterior, middle and posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, supraspinatus and triceps during penalty throwing. Multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for between group comparisons with the significance level P The activation intensity of upper trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles in the healthy individuals were about 50.74% and 43.42% higher than in patients. Middle deltoid in healthy individuals was about 38.05% smaller than that in patients. In control group, supraspinatus muscle started earlier (23.5 ms) than the shoulder motion initiation. Triceps muscle was activated about 18.5 ms later than shoulder motion initiation. In patients, supraspinatus muscle started sooner (11 ms) and triceps brachialis muscle started later than the other muscles (22.16 ms).
The coordination of shoulder muscles i.e. the onset and intensity of muscle activity is disturbed in the patient group during throwing. Hence, strength and stretching programs are recommended for athletes to reduce the risk of shoulder pain syndrome. The rehabilitation program can be focused on modifying the pattern of activity in upper trapezius, supraspinatus, latissimus dorsi and deltoid muscles in addition to pain control in the rehabilitation centers.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique that modulates motor performance and learning. Previous studies have shown that tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1) can facilitate consolidation of various motor skills in healthy subjects; but the effect of tDCS on motor skills improvement in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remains unknown. The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of anodal tDCS and selective motor training on fine motor skills in 6-14-year-old children with ASD.
This was an experimental research with a pretest–posttest design. A total of eighteen children with ASD (age range 6-14 years) were selected according to available sampling and inclusion criteria and then were randomly divided to experimental and control group. Nine subjects received 1.5 mA anodal tDCS over the left M1 for 20 min before the training session and practiced motor training after tDCS to improve fine motor skills. The remaining 9 subjects underwent identical training sessions, except that tDCS was artificially applied for them (sham group). Fine motor skills were assessed at baseline (pre-intervention) and after 10 sessions (post-intervention).
Anodal tDCS and fine motor skill training have significant effects on fine motor skills in children with ASD (P Our findings suggest that tDCS may be considered as a useful adjunct to fine motor skill training for children with ASD, although studies in a larger group of children with varying levels of autistic traits and different stimulation polarity are needed to evaluate the functional use of non-invasive brain stimulation.

Cochlear implant (CI) surgery is an invasive procedure in order to create hearing sense. This procedure may cause some risks such as cochlear damage. Therefore, it is needed to reduce these risks as much as possible. Future CIs will address three general goals: 1) reducing cochlear damage during surgical insertion, 2) more efficient operation that reduces the load of electrical stimulation required to produce appropriate loudness, and 3) deeper insertion into the scala tympany (ST) cavity in order to access cochlear neurons related to lower frequencies. In order to achieve these goals, we need high degree of precision to which the use of an assistant robot in surgery might be a good solution. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of the robotic systems in the cochlear implant surgery.
Published research was identified by reviewing the scientific databases (Pubmed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar) from 1980 to 2017 using relevant keywords. The researches were selected based on the input and output criteria.
This study focused on three robotic systems. One of the robotic systems acts as a magnetic guide. This system uses a magnetically tipped CI to insert into the cochlea and also rotating manipulator magnet as a magnetic guide that is located near the patient’s head. The other robotic system determines the changes of the insertion angle of the electrode array into the cochlea by controlled electrode arrays insertion. The last robotic system reduces the invasiveness of the surgery by removing the need for mastoidectomy, replacing this with a direct tunnel approach known as direct cochlear access.
These systems reduce the energy needed for the insertion of the electrode array, enable a deeper insertion into the cochlea in order to have an improved performance in CI, and reduce intracochlear damage during surgery. Therefore, both speech understanding in noise and sound quality will improve.