فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 40، تابستان 1396)

Indeed, Iranian cinema is one of the most important cultural and artistic tools in the current multi-cultural world. After the advent of cinema in Iran in constitutionalism era, the majority of artists attempt to recognize the medium of cinema and achieve the required techniques of making a film. Thus, cinema was developed well in Iran and great parts of Iranian society were the main audience of local cinema of Iran. The majority of Iranian cinema productions attempted to receive the attention by people. Thus, the artist values were not important in the movie and only the taste of people was an important issue. After the Islamic revolution 1979, cinema was changed. This study expresses a review of cinema history in Iran before and after revolution.
Ethical values have a small position in the cinema of before revolution. These values are hidden among banality and superficiality. Besides, Iranian cinema after the revolution was in adaptation with society and presents the conditions in the form of story and draws the dealing strategies based on the religious and ethical values.

Guaranty of social capital increases freedom and ethics in the business environment and prevent moral abnormalities in the society. In order to achieve to development of the business environment, attention to the restoration and preparation of necessary platforms ranging from networks is felt to gain trust and moral norms and social capital. This study tries to answer the question: What is the relationship between social capital and business environment and how is the state of social capital and the business environment in society.
When improving the business environment ensures that a framework be created in the community's that first social capital is guaranteed because facilitate communication in various spheres of social capital and strengthen the moral norms can have an important role in improving the business environment. In this case, according to research findings, indicators of social capital have a direct impact on the business environment. In this sense, we can improve the business environment through the promotion of social capital. According to some data, social capital indicators and business environment in Iran in the ranking of international as well as internal evaluation is not in a proper position that can be a violation of improving the business environment and creates moral abnormality and it increases risk in the community too.

Important role of ethical behavior in organization, resulted in directing managers and experts to its affecting factors, since analysing the effective factors on ethical behavior of employees can improve it at different levels of organization. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the factors that affect on ethical behavior of Mashhad Municipality employees.
In this study, mix method (quality and quantitive) is used that in quantity is thye post hoc research. The study population includes all the employees of Mashhad Municipality in the center and the regions. The samples in the qualitative study, based on purposive sampling include 40 persons and samples in the quantitative study, based on random sampling were 327 persons. In order to gather information, interviews and questionnaires were used. The content analysis was used to analyze the interviews. Confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS was used for analysing data.
The results show that the factors affecting ethical behavior of employees can be in the form of 12 components and 22 variables. By using KMO index and Bartlett's test the appropriate number of data was approved. In order to assess the research model, factor loadings were calculated and since all factor loadings were more than 0.3 the research model was approved.
The results of this study show that the factors affecting ethical behavior of employees are including: Ethical personnel selection, Ethical compensation, Empowerment and socialization, Career, Ethical Team building, Ethical work environment, Organizational Justice, Motivation, Organizational Commitment, Ethical leadership style,Ethical structure and Ethical monitoring.

In order to achieve organizational goals, it is necessary the relationships between managers and employees were so that subordinates expressed their constructive ideas easily and without concern in order to improve the outcome of organization. For detecting the factors that facilitating this matter, the current study aims to analyze the relationship between ethical climate, psychological capital and organizational voice.
This research is descriptive - correlation. Statistical population was consisted of 332 employees in Kerman Islamic Azad University and 125 subjects were selected using random sampling. Data collection instruments were ethical climate questionnaire, psychological capital questionnaire, and organizational voice questionnaire. Second - Confirmatory Factor Analyze, Pearson correlation test and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used for analyzing data.
The results indicated that there were statistically significant positive correlations between ethical climate, psychological capital and organizational voice. The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) demonstrated that ethical climate influences on organizational voice directly and through psychological capital.
According to the findings, by improving the ethical climate of the organization psychological capital and organizational voice can be promoted.

Justice is one of the symbols of human life, which has always been the guarantor for social survival. Understanding of organizational justice by workers is an important factor for increasing their commitment to the organization and expanding the job ethics in the organization. Current study was performed to assess the relationship between organizational justice and organizational voice with mediator role of the professional ethics and psychological security.
Research method was descriptive-correlation. Statistical population includes all employees of the administrative departments in official site of Sanandaj (Kurdistan). Using simple random sampling method, 210 persons were selected and answered to the questionnaires. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation, multiple regression analysis and Structural equation modeling.
The results showed that organizational justice and its components have significant positive correlation with the organizational voice and its dimensions (P The results showed that expanding the organizational justice can be a background for workers to present their ideas. Psychological security and professional ethics will be the important factor for attending organizational voice.

The ethical work climate is one of the factors that shaping the attitudes of employees and associates with moral behavior and procedure of job decision making and its effectiveness. This study tries to investigate the relationship between career decision making self-efficacy and work climate with job effectiveness of Tehran swimming coaches.
The research methodology of the study is descriptive - correlation. The population of this study was the swimming active coaches from city of Tehran. The sample consisted of 180 swimming coaches that selected through Morgan table. To measure research variables, three questionnaires consisted of career decision making self-efficacy questionnaire, work climate questionnaire and job effectiveness questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by Kolmogrov-Smirnov and multiple correlation tests
The results indicated that there are simple relationships between career decision making self-efficacy and work climate with job effectiveness. Multiple regressions revealed that among career decision making, self-efficacy and work climate are the best variables for predicting the job effectiveness of the coaches, respectively.
The results of the study suggest that managers need to pay more attention to career self-efficacy and work climate of the coaches to increase the effectiveness and ultimately achieve the organizational goals.

Salespersons are junction between costumers and organization. By creating ethical work climate, managers can create positive outputs to employee, costumers and especially organization. The purpose of current study was analyzing the relationship between ethical work climate and sales person performance, taking into account the mediating role of organizational commitment and job stress.
The study is descriptive-correlation research. Population of study includes all Salespersons in Mazandaran clothing stores. Samples were 411subjects which have been selected through cluster sampling technique. Data were collected by standardized questionnaires which as fallow: ethical work climate, job stress, organizational commitment and salesperson performance. Data analysis has been done by SEM and AMOS 22 and SPSS 19 software.
Findings show that there is a significant positive relationship between ethical work climate and organizational commitment. There has been a significant positive relationship between organizational commitment and salespersons performance. Also findings have shown that, there is a significant positive relationship between ethical work climate and organizational commitment. Finally negative relationship between ethical work climate and job stress and between job stress and salespersons performance have been the other important findings.
Creating an ethical work climate will increase organizational commitment and reduce job stress, and then will improve salespersons performance.

Work ethics has a significant effect on the individual and group activities, performance and organizational results. This study examines the interactive role of job engagement and job propriety with work ethics and intent to leave of the employees.
This study is descriptive - correlation research. Statistical population included all 368 employees of state universities of Tabriz. Using Cochran formula (d = 0.5, p= 0.5) and stratified random sampling, the sample size of 350 people was obtained. To gather data, standard questionnaires were used. Using Cranach Alpha, the reliability of job engagement (0.75), job propriety (0.87), work ethics (0.70), and intent to leave (0.84) was calculated. Obtained data were analyzed by correlation method and modified stepwise regression.
Results showed a positive and significant correlation between two variables of job engagement and job propriety and work ethics (p=0.001, r=0.16, r=0.25). Also, there is a negative and significant correlation between two variables of job engagement, job propriety and intent to leave (p=0.001, r=-0.28, r=-0.32). Moreover, interacting together, job engagement and job propriety predict work ethics and intent to leave.
Results showed in every organization, interest in work, job engagement and job propriety with employees improves their work ethics and organization as well. Thus, intent to leave of the employees’ decreases and the organization should pay a specific attention to them.

Human capital as the main factor of organizational growth can effectively be developed in light of the characteristics of good managers, with understanding this important the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between ethical characters of managers and the development of human capital.
This study is a descriptive-correlation research. Statistical population includes all staff of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan, 172 staff by using stratified random sampling method fits with classified were selected as sample. For collect the research data, two standard questionnaires were used: Ethical character of managers and human capital. Data were analyzed by using LISREL and SPSS statistical software.
The results showed that the relationship of adherence to the covenant, implementation of justice and truth, broadmindedness and good mood on the development of human capital, is positive and significant; but the relationship between compassion and availability on human capital development was not significant.
Findings show that for developing human capital in universities, managers should attention to ethical character of managers.

Considering Ethics principles by small businesses executors can effect on forming the behavior of customers and keep them. The purpose of study was to analysis the relationship between considering ethics and athletes consumption behavior in bodybuilding clubs.
The research method was applied-correlation research. Population of study includes all bodybuilding athletes of Kurdistan province and 305 subjects were randomly selected as the sample group. The research instrument was a researcher made questionnaire. The reliability using Cranach’s alpha coefficient was 0.93. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling AMOS software and SPSS.
The results showed that the optimal relative comparative fit index and represents the model are confirmed. According to the results, ethical behaviors affect on consumer behavior (0.74). Also, Analyses showed that ethical behavior except of responsibility had a significantly positive relation with consumer behavior variables.
Principles of ethical behavior, especially in the sports and fitness clubs is the factors influencing consumer behavior, and assist practitioners in the field of sports to achieve their economic goals.

Unethical Behavior and lack of adherence to scientific ethics, is a serious problem in higher education. In this line, the aim of the present study, is explanation of the lack of scientific integrity and its associated factors among graduate students of Isfahan University.
This study is an applied-correlation research. Population of the study includes all Graduate students of Isfahan University. Among all, 290 subjects were selected as a sample group. Data were gathered by self- report questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using SPSS and Amos software.
More than 70 percent of students said they did not commit any of scientific misconduct raised in this study and the most frequent cases of academic dishonesty are mild rather than severe cases. Further analysis also shows that among the independent variables, the attitude towards teachers to deterrence and negative attitude to fraud have a direct effect on academic dishonesty.
The lack of professor's serious commitment to scientific integrity on the one hand and the relatively positive attitude of students to commit academic dishonesty are among important factors underlie the misconducts of students. Along with other preventive measures, including laws and policy making, education and raising awareness of scientific actors have high priority.

Nowadays, fraudulent activities had devastating effects on investment and financial markets; and fraud, misrepresentation, and one-sided manipulation in documents and other professional misconducts have led to increase lack of public confidence to the accounting profession. Accordingly, the accountants should be able to cope with pressures which exist on behalf of themselves or external resources. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between money ethics and accounting students ethical perception with understanding the questionable accounting events and actions.
This study is descriptive- correlation research. The population of research includes all undergraduate and graduate accounting students in Fars province universities, that 435 people were selected among them by simple random sampling as the research sample. The tool used in this study was a questionnaire, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the data.
Results of the study showed that there is positive and significant relationship between money ethics (love of money) and ethical perception of accounting students and their understanding to the questionable and fraudulent accounting events.
Considering the relationship between money ethics and ethical perception of accounting students with understanding the questionable actions, it seems essential that the professional authorities should emphasize on training of students’ monetary ethics principles and the way of implementing and using these principles in dealing with questionable and fraudulent accounting events and consider the moral lesson issues along with other specialized topics to the accounting students.

One of the most important aspects of ethics in organizations is the organizational excellence and professional ethics courage. This study aimed to analyze the canonical relationship between organizational excellence and components of professional ethics courage among faculty members in public universities of Ardabil.
This study, in terms of purpose is applicable, and in terms of data collection is canonical correlation. The population consists of 700 faculty members of public universities (Mohagegi, Medical Sciences and PNU) of Ardabil; That 250 person of them was selected through random sampling. The Data were gathered by using two standard questionnaires organizational excellence and professional ethics courage and by SPSS software and by using Pearson's correlation matrix and Canonical Correlation Analysis for hypotheses were analyzed.
The results showed that the relationship between organizational excellences with professional ethics courage is 0/74. Wilks Lambda index for this connection was 42/0. F is about 9/33, which is also significant in 0/001. Also, 58 percentage variance between the components of professional ethics courage with dimensions of organizational excellence is explained.
According to the obtained results, canonical correlation analysis with 99 percent approves the possibility of correlation between components of ethical courage and dimensions of organizational excellence.

To deal with environmental dynamism appeal to the creativity of employees is the best option; variables such as ethical leadership style and silence of the organization can facilitate and prohibitive the organizational capacity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational silence with employees’ creativity.
The research method was descriptive – correlation. The statistical population of this study consisted of all Uromia university employees (N=600) during the 2014-2015 academic year, from which Cochran formula 235 were chosen as study sample through selected randomly. Data were gathered by two standard questionnaires; ethical leadership, organizational silence and employees’ creativity. In order to analyze data, statistical tests correlation, Multiply Regression and Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used.
The findings show that the ethical leadership has negative and significant relationship with organizational silence and ethical leadership has positive and meaningful relationship with employees’ creativity. The dimensions of ethical leadership (β = ./22) and dimensions of organizational silence (β = ./11) are able to predict , employees creativity.
The results represent that the application of ethical leadership style in the organization can provide organizational trust and the silence of the organization broken created with passion and movement necessary to employees, field for outbreak creation employees facilitate.

Evidences show that people, who work in an organization, emerge different job and task behavior; one of them performing organization task, and the other are behaviors such as helping colleagues and etc. The researchers examined the impact of ethical philosophies on extra role.
The research is applied in terms of objective, and its methodology is descriptive- correlation. In which the 370 people of Gas Company in Guilan province between 1253, were studied by using randomized simple sampling and standard questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test.
Results show that the dimensions of ethical philosophies have significant relationship with organizational citizenship behavior and intensity of the relationship between utilitarianism and egoism with organizational citizenship behavior are more than other dimensions.
According to the findings, it can be said that increase in the level of ethical values in the organization, lead to a greater level of organizational citizenship behavior of staffs.

The key to maintaining confidence of clients and the public is a professional and ethical conduct that make accountant act with integrity, objectivity, and independency. In this regard, every company should have a code of ethics that can minimize risk. This study sought to evaluate the effects of accounting ethics as a mechanism to enhance decision making and ethical behavior of accountants, financial managers and CEOs in the private sector.
The present study is descriptive-correlation. The population of study includes all accountants, financial managers and CEOs of the industrial park of Zahedan. Due to the limited population (N=230) sampling was not used. A standard questionnaire to collect data distributed between the population and finally 184 questionnaires were collected. Data were analyzed by data processing partial least squares (PLS) modeling method.
The results showed that accounting ethics has impact on improvement of decision-making and behavior of managers in the private sector. With reinforcement ethics in company, it should be hopeful to decisions and ethical behaviors and remove concerns about the scandal at the company.
According to relationship of accounting ethics, manager's behavior and decision making, it seems essential that professional bodies try to provide a comprehensive code of ethics that have appropriate sanction, since they will prevent the financial scandal and loss of professional reputation.

The main goal of behavioural finance is to investigate the impacts of behavioural factors on financial factors. One of the issues that can affect investor's decisions is their personality traits. Commitment to ethics is the one of the effective issues that emerges in behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between professional ethics and personality traits of investors.
This is an applied research by descriptive-correlation method. Population of study includes all investors. Among all, 153 subjects were participated in this study. Data were gathered by questionnaire and were analyzed by Pearson correlation test.
The findings show that there is significant and positive correlation between professional ethics and extroversion, compliance, conscientiousness and openness to experience, while there is significant and negative correlation between professional ethics and neuroticism.
According to the findings, it could be concluded that there is significant correlation between personality traits and professionals ethics, indicating the importance of professional ethics and the need to pay more attention to such an issue.