نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 62، خرداد و تیر 1396)

Pistachio is an important export product in some countries, especially Iran. Pistachios are with the highest risk of aflatoxin contamination between agricultural products. Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent carcinogenic aflatoxins. Aflatoxins have an important role in the etiology of cancer. Undoubtedly, the major problem is, Aspergillus flavus contamination Aflatoxin production and find suitable ways to prevent its production. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of electron irradiation on aflatoxin B1 production in pistachio that was inoculated with Aspergillus flavus.
Experimental study was performed. Sixty10 pistachios packed was inoculated with aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus spores (106 spores/ml). Contaminated samples were exposed to the electron beam radiations at doses of 1, 3, 5 and 7 kGy. The samples were stored at a room temperature for 0, 30, 60, 90, 180, 210 days and were compared with the control samples for the aflatoxin production by Kruskal Wallis test using SPSS version 16. Aflatoxin B1 was measured by ELISA kit. The test was duplicated for each samples.
The mean concentration of aflatoxin in the samples was 59.97 ng/g. There was no difference among the production of aflatoxin in different doses on days 0,30, 60, 90 (p Exposure of the pistachio samples by electron beam could inhibit the growth and alsoprevent aflatoxin production.

Food-borne diseases are the widespread problems worldwide. Campylobacter species are the most important pathogens causing gastroenteritis which is generally transmitted through the food with animal origin. The aim of this study was to identify the Campylobacter spp. in diarrheal outbreaks in food-borne diseases at country level.
This cross-sectional study carried out in spring and summer, 2015. In total, 305 swabs from diarrheal stool samples of 102 food-borne outbreaks were collected in various provinces of Iran. All samples were examined for the presence and growth of Campylobacter spp. The descriptive analysis, chi-square test and SPSS v.21 software were used for the analysis of results.
From the total of 102 foodborne outbreaks, Zanjan Province with 24 outbreaks (24.5%) and Yazd Province with 70 samples of diarrhea (23%) included the most reported cases. Out of 305 tested samples, 119 (39%) were from food, 35 (11.5%) from water and 151 (41.5%) from unknown sources (p Results from this study showed that C. coli was responsible for diarrhea rather than C. jejuni.

Intruoduction: One of the most important environmental pollutant is dye compounds. Accordingly, numerous methods have already been proposed for removing these pollutants from industrial waste especially the textile industry. One of the methods that has received a great deal of attention in recent years sono-electrochemical method.
This experimental study was conducted in a batch laboratory scale. In this approach, using the Central Composite Design (CCD) statistical method, the interactive effects of four important variables of pH, the dye solution concentration, decolorization time, and potential were analyzed and investigated.
Based on the conducted experiments and the results obtained in the absence of the hydrogen peroxide oxidant agent, the best conditions for decolorization in the optimal conditions of pH=9, dye concentration=303.3 μM, contact time of 93 min, and a potential of 0.81 V corresponding to the design by the software was 92.8% which was obtained experimentally as 92.34% . Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal was mention according optimized conditions by the combination of ultrasound-electrochemical process 96% in this study.
CCD was used as an effective method to measuring the concurrent effect of some important variables on BB47 dye removal. Based on the gained model. Accordingly, the optimal conditions (pH=9, dye concentration of 303/3μM, contact time of 93 min, and a potential of 0/81 V) were determined by the software. The predicted decolorization percentage by the model was 92/8% in these conditions, where it was obtained as 92/34 % after the experimental test. The closeness of these responses are indicative of appropriacy of the model.

The bacterium causes listeriosis with severe clinical consequences such as meningitis, septicemia and abortion. There are a minimum data on dairy products contamination of Listeria in Iran. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in traditional ice cream in Yazd, Iran and to summarize the studies that reported Listeria monocytogenes contamination in traditional dairy and if possible conduct metaanalyses to report single estimates for raw milk and ice cream for the whole country.
A total of 85 samples of traditional ice cream were examined for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes using a two-step selective enrichment. All isolates were subjected to standard biochemical test. We searched PubMed, science direct, Scopus, Google Scholar and Iranian local databases including Iranian Scientific Information database (www.sid.ir), Magiran (www.magiran.com) using the following keywords: prevalence, Listeria monocytogenes, raw milk, ice cream and Iran. Twenty-six items of related articles on raw milk and ice cream were conducted of different cities. Studies were included in the meta-analysis. Statistical heterogeneity between studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and I-squared. All Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA version 11.2.
On the basis of biological tests, none of the samples were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw milk 4% and 7.1% traditional ice cream. P values less than0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Consumption of raw milk with mild heat treatment or its usage in traditional dairy a common practice in Iran. Therefore, the lack of appropriate control measures could pose serious health problems.

Phosphate is known to be the main limiting elements in the reuse of wastewater effluents and then it is the key element to outbreak of eutrophication. Therefore the objective of this work was to investigate the adsorption of phosphorous by natural and surface modified pumice with H2O2.
The present work was a fundamental-practical study which done in batch system. In this work, natural and modified pumice were used for removal of phosphorous from aqueous solution. Several experimental parameters including pH (2-10), adsorbent mass (2-10 g/L), initial phosphorous concentration (5-20 mg/L), ionic strength and contact time were studied. All experiments were conducted in batch system with varying one experimental parameter, while others were constant.
The results show that modification of pumice with H2O2 will improve adsorbent sorption capacity without any structural distortion. In addition, higher removal efficiency was observed at 10 g/L of adsorbent dose, pH 6, 130 min contact time and 20 mg/L of phosphorus concentration. In the optimal conditions, 69% and 97% of phosphorus removal were achieved by natural and modified pumice adsorbents, respectively. In addition, removal efficiency decreased for increasing ionic strength. Pseudo second order kinetic model best describe adsorption of phosphorus onto used adsorbent.
The results of present work well demonstrate that pumice have substantial adsorption capacity for phosphorus and in the case of its modification, its adsorption capacity will be improved.

The study and application behavior change intervention for the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic areas is essential. In this study, the effectiveness of BASNEF model-based education in promoting preventive behaviors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in between parent households was conducted under the guise of health centers Rāmhormoz city.
In this study, the method of intervention that was conducted in 1394, the total sample size was 154 health centers Rāmhormoz just random cluster sampling were selected. Then research units required data using questionnaires were collected and 2 training sessions held: after three months of training, Needed again were collected and finally data analysis statistical.
The mean change scores of knowledge, attitude, behavior, enabling factors and parental behavior before and after the intervention significantly increased (P The findings of this study showed that educational programs on the pattern of behaviors, all aspects required to create lasting change in educational behavior of parents And in the end we can say that the program on Basnef Parents that have a significant impact on them.

Gender identity disorder refers to the most extreme level of sexual boredom and is defined as a feeling of discomfort with one’s own sexual anatomy and the desire to get rid of one’s genital organs and living as members of the opposite sex. This disorder occurs at an early age and results in negative consequences later in life. In this article we attempt to measure gender identity disorder and investigate the most important social factors that cause this disorder.
This survey study was conducted of 160 patients, referring to welfare centers all over the country, using multi-stage cluster sampling. A standard gender identity disorder questionnaire with an estimated Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .76 was used for data collection. SPSS V.19 was used to describe and analyze the data.
The results showed that the mean score of respondent's gender identity disorder is 3.84 out of 5 which suggests a high level of gender identity disorder among the participants. The results showed that the variables in this study there was a significant relationship with gender identity disorder. Results show that 26% of research to predict changes in gender identity disorder.
The results suggest that we can hope to reduce and treat gender identity disorders by enhancing the knowledge of families and affected individuals through official and unofficial sources in relation to influencing factors (such as labeling, correcting sex education principles and controlling the relationships with heterosexual peers).

Biofiltration of volatile organic compounds is a biological method in which air containing contaminant is passed through a packed bed and the pollutant is transferred from gas phase to biofilm where it is degraded by microorganisms. Degrading microbial activity is strongly influenced by moisture content of bed so that it is considered as the most important factor for controlling optimum performance of biofiltration. A solutions for reduction of the bed drying problems is use of water super absorbents which are able to store and maintain water.
For the first time, a two-dimensional dynamic model of biofiltration of hexane contaminated air is presented in which terms of moisture content and axial dispersion are considered in mass transfer equations. Effects of water super absorbent including continuous increase in porosity of the bed and specific surface area were entered into the equations. The equations were discretized by Finite Volume Method for solving numerically. Then, to determine the accuracy of model predictions, biofiltration experiments were done in flow rate of 0.7 l/min and inlet concentration of 2 g/m3.
The model could present a pattern of decline in moisture content of the bed after moistening stop. Experimental data of increasing of pollutant outlet concentration because of bed moisture reduction were well predicted by the model (standard error = 0.45%) and an estimation of end point was presented.
The results indicated that consideration of moisture content term under unsteady state conditions can develop the model performance and describe biofiltration process with all its complexities.

The aim of this research was the considering of the impression of the positive couple-therapy on the increasing the life expectancy and marriage closeness of the normal women in Bafq. The way & kind of the quasi-experimental was pre-test –post-test with the group of control. The sample included thirty (30) people that were chosen to target . & were put on the two groups of experiment &control to random .each two groups on the level pre-test completed the life expectancy questionnaire of the Schneider and marriage closeness of the walker & tompson .Then, for the experiment al group is done eight session for two hours . About positive teaching. And finally, After execution, each two questionnaire was done by groups of experiment & control as post-test. For analysis of test data , was used the way of analysis statistical of covariance it showed that positive is effective on the increasing al life expectancy and marriage closeness. : Positive teaching , life expectancy , marriage closeness ,women.

To introduce Bayesian method in validation of transtheoretical model’s Self-Efficacy and Decisional Balance for nutritional behavior improvement among Prediabetes with ordinal data.
This is an Experimental trial with parallel design and sample was included 220 Prediabetes who Participated in screening program and had over 30 years old, fasting blood glucose ranged 100-125 and at least elementary Education. We used OpenBugs 3.2.3 to fit Bayesian ordinal factor analysis to achieve validation of TTM’s decisional balance and self-efficacy.
All of the factor loadings corresponded to mentioned constructs was significant at α= 0.05%. That support validation of the Constructs. Correlation between Pros and Cons was not significant(-0.076, 0.007).Furthermore a specific statistical model for ordinal data created that can estimate odds ratios and marginal Probabilities for each choice of any item in questionnaire.
Thanks to benefits of Bayesian method in use of prior information such as Meta-analysis and other resources, In comparison to similar studies that used standard or other factor analysis for ordinal data, our results had good accuracy(with aspect to standard deviation) even with lower sample size.so the results can be used in future clinical researches.