پژوهش نامه تاریخ اسلام
سال ششم شماره 23 (پاییز 1395)

In this paper we try to review the role of jofi tribe in islamic history until the end of ummayad era. An independent research has been conducted to answer the main question of the original research and the question is this “ how deep were the interdependencies of individual and tribal positions of jofi tribe in different situations and how much was this interdependency affected by ethnic, tribal and ideological orientations ? examining and analyzing different sources indicates that the history of jofi tribe , more than anything , was affected by the nobles and chiefs of this tribe and their tribal and individual positions were a function of three factors of ethnic, expedient and interest-seeking nature. The collective thinking of jofy tribe in political and military aspects , were more compatible with social system and government system and its scientific and religious position were compatible with Iraqi and shia notions. Also some of the elites of jofi played quite and important role in recording islamic sciences and social-cultural alterations of islamic society.

Abbasid caliphate's chaotic and unstable situation during the third century, AH, and the oppression and injustic of the state agents and the long geographical distance between Tabaristan and Capital of the Caliphate, provided a good opportunity for the alavids of Tabaristan to establish their own government. Alavids started ruling Tabaristan by claiming the establishment of an independent shi'ite regime that refused to fall under sovereignty of the Abbasid empire. Due to the importance of legitimacy to the survival of a government, and to the strength and stability of a political system, this descriptive-analytical research has tried to evaluate the fundamentals of legitimacy of Tabaristan Alavid dynasty using existing historical data. The findings of this research suggests that Tabaristan Alavids unlike other governments at that time did not earn their legitimacy from the Baghdad caliphates and tried to get public legitimacy by relying on their kinship with prophet mohammad, and also by claiming of justice that is one of the basics of shi'ite faith, to strengthen the foundations of their authority and legitimacy, and were able to rule Tabaristan over half a century.

After collapsing of Rasoulian government (626-858), the commercial situation of Adan harbor that has played a significant role in exporting and importing different goods for laying among the commercial sea ways, declined. When the Tahrids (858-945) attained power in the ninth century, the trade situation of Adan, has recovered and once again business relations between this port and different regions of the world, including but not limited to India ,Egypt , Hijaz and Africa began to flourish .the specific financial policies of Tahrid dynasty ,the tax relives and encouraging the traders in Adan port resulted in commercial development of Adan Sea . This essay is going to consider what factors caused the trade improvement of Adan in tahrids era. Results show that, tahrids were so eager in trading and so fond of it and the natural situation of Adan that has been joint to the Red sea ,Arab sea and Indian ocean and its closeness to bab almandab, have caused the importance of Adan once again

Since the seventh century, a chapter has been gradually formed in general history specifically called twelver imams class. In this chapter, imams put together and separated from their kins are of gods chosens and among the best people of their time , and like prophets, kings and caliphates are considered to be a separate class in history. Given the rule of sunnis – at least from the prespective of jurisprudence and based on words alone – before safavid era, assigning a chapter to immamia imams has necessitated the emmergance of this phenomena, after the founding of safavid dynasty , this new invention was generally accepted by the historians and appeared as a cliché feature in the general history of this era. The paper at hand tries to intorudce this matter as the emmergance of a new class of imams in history ,examine and analyze the alterations of this chapter in safavid general history in their narratives.given the existence of imams class in pre-safacid era , the work of safavid hostorians was to change its position in history.these historians through chronological alterations , changed he overview based on the prophet-rashidun caliphates – imams to the prophet-imams-caliphates and after improving the ontology changed it to prophets-imams-kings and after that they even t=changed the overview to prophets-imams.

In 1330 A.H. / 1291 A.H.S., Tsarist Russia invaded the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza. The invasive act was an open and intentional violation of the rights and religious sentiments of Iranian people and had a lot of political, social and economic consequences. The study is to answer the following questions.Why did not the central government prevent the chaos? How much was the damage to the Holy Shrine? What was Russia’s aim of causing this crisis? According to the findings of the study, the central government’s weakness against Russians, the conspiracy of the governor and the police chief in Mashhad and the custodian of Astan with Russians were the major factors that made the government not to prevent the tragedy. The aim of Russia in the matter of causing this chaos was to reveal the weakness of the local governor and the central government in restoring order and security, causing fear and intimidation in order for constitutionalists to retreat and overthrowing the constitutional system through the chaos. The damages included: loss of some property in the Shrine, destruction of the Shrine and also casualties and injuries inflicted upon innocent people. The research method here is library method by using documents and comparing and analyzing the available sources especially the primary sources.Most of the documents used in this article belongs the Archives and Records of documents administration and the history of diplomacy in the ministry of foreign affairs:(estādux) . the aforementioned documents have been extracted from the archives and used for researching purposes for the first time.

Islamic studies always had diverse motives and goals of evangelical, political, colonial and economic nature. Although, the Western approach to conducting studies and researches on Isalm, in the hope of believing in and converting to the religion, has not been taken into consideration yet. The study surveys the reasons and grounds for the conversion of the prominent Jewish Orientalist Leopold Weiss (Muhammad Asad) to the Islam with a context-based approach. This article makes an attempt to show how Muhammad asad , in the works he has published about islam , criticizes contemporary islamic Thoughts and tries to defend the ( original ) islamic thoughts on his part. Asad tried to look for a way to bring the muslims out of their descending ways and cure their backwardness and he also tried to encourage them to resist other cultures by appealing to trust muslims have among themselves.