فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، پاییز 1395)

Abiotic stress including Salt stress is the major limiting factors of growth and crop production in arid and semiaridregions. Many of the Salinity affects are seen at the cellular levels. In order to understand the response of Oryza sativa to salt stress, some of antioxidant enzyme activities, Lipid peroxidation and Proline content were analyzed. Oryza sativa plant was treated by NaCl 0(control), 100, 200 and 300 mM for 14 days. For this purpose, a factorial design based on completely randomized design with three replications was used. The results showed that Growth parameters for example fresh and dry weight and height of shoot decreased under increasing NaCl. With increasing the concentration of NaCl, The activity of Catalase(CAT) and Ascorbat peroxidase(APX) were increased, but Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased with increasing NaCl to 200 mM and then decreased at 300mM. Proline (Pro) and Malondialdehyde(MDA) contents respectively increased 2 and 3.6-fold at 300mM NaCl relative to the 0mM NaCl. Our results showed that by increasing the activity of CAT, SOD and APX associated with increased Proline had a positive effect on salt tolerance of Oryza sativa.

In this research the outer tepal of 28 species of Delphinium were micromorphologically studied using Scaning Electron Microscope (SEM). Tepals were examined through electronic microscope observations regarding hair existing, hair form, hair density and tepal epidermal patterns and a separate table was prepared. In this study results showed the species were classified in two groups of hairy and hairless, and regarding the hair diversity in four groups of strigose, villous, crispate and hooked, also tepal epidermal patterns categorized into six groups including the papillae, cup shape, rugose, striate, granular and striate rugose. These results indicate that species complex of D. crispulum, D. elbursense, D. speciosum and D. dasycarpum show differences regarding the type of tepal hair and tepal epidermal patterns. Also, the micromophological study of tepal epidermal pattern, confirmed the separation of D. saniculifolium from D. aquilegifolium and D. tuberosum from D. cyphoplectrum.

The objective of this study is to investigate the detoxification effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of pomegranate fruit peel on tissue and liver enzymes in male rats empoisoned by aflatoxin. The animals were empoisoned by aflatoxin gavage at dose of 480 µg/kg every day for a period of 8 weeks. Hydro ethanolic extract was co-treated at doses 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg for a period of 8 weeks with aflatoxin. After 8 weeks, the sampling was done from the heart and liver of animals. The serum parameters were measured including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum Total Protein (TP) by kit. Tissue sections were prepared by liver sampling and stained using hematoxylin-eosin method. The results showed that the aflatoxin increased serum AP, AST and ALT, while decreased total protein levels and also increased of liver damage score in empoisoned rats compared to healthy control group. The treatment of extract at doses 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg caused significant decrease of serum AP, AST, and ALT levels and damage score of liver , while increased serum total protein level in the empoisoned rats compared to the empoisoned control group. The results indicated that the hydro-ethanolic extract of pomegranatel has protective effect against aflatoxin in animal, so usage of the fruit should be consider in the traditional medicine to treat the liver disorders.

Cyclamen is one of the most exportable herbs and also used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hence, increasing the number of flowers, the durability and shelf-life of the cut flowers is important.
Alcohol has positive effect on these properties in low concentration.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alcoholic treatments on the development of reproductive meristem, the change in the number of flowering branches and the possibility of delaying aging in the cut flowers of the cyclamen.
Therefore, pots containing vegetative parts of the cyclamen plants that have not yet entered the stage of reproduction were obtained form a greenhouse for the development of cyclamen in Tehran.
Then, the control samples were sprayed three times a week to 10 cc of distilled water , and the treated samples were subjected to the same treatment under the influence of ethanol and alcoholic treatments. Methanol at concentrations of 1.5% , 3% and 6% .
In this research, flower buds were harvested at three stages, and by conventional methods of cell-histology , the stages of development of reproductive meristem, formation of buds and flowers were studied.
The results of examination of the same age and size buds in the control and control samples showed that alcohol accelerates the developmental stages of the various parts of the flower components.

Achillea is one of the most recent genera of the Asteraceae family which exists throughout the world. Achillea millefolium accessions was performed from new localities in two provinces including Hyrcanian region and Irano-turanian region for the first time. Chromosomal characteristics and karyotype asymmetry indicated that two accessions were hexaploid (2n=6x=54) and one of them is Octaploid (2n=8x=72). Am4 accession is the most asymetric karyotype. Based on our results, structural changes of chromosomes as one of as the mechanism of inter and intra species diversification in the Achillea.

Nowadays environmental pollutants, heavy metals attracted many researchers as one of the most important factors are threatening humans in many areas. The present study was done in order to determine concentrations of heavy metals, He, Pb, Cd and As in the two species fish Tor grypus and Capoeta capoeta in Helle River from Bushehr in 2014. In this research 60 samples of fish were prayed from Helle River. Evaluation of heavy metals was occurred by atomic absorption Perkin Elmer 4100. The concentration of heavy metals mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic in two fish species were 0.0604-0.0755, 0.213-0.255, 0.108-0.134 and 0.109-0.142 mg/kg. In this study, the risk index heavy metals mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic about Tor grypus and Capoeta capoeta fish consumption by adults was lower than 1, but risk factor for mercury, cadmium and lead for children was higher than more 1, respectively. Concentration of Pb in two fish species was higher than more other metals (P

This study aimed to investigate the effect of air pollutants, which is the stressful factors and by human intervention, on some of anatomical and development of the Laurus nobilis L. plant and its relation with Peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes. Therefore, perfectly similar samples in terms of age and storage conditions were chosen from two clean area (Jamshidieh Park in northern Tehran) and contaminated area (Besat Park located in southeast of Tehran and near to the South Terminal) and in one day and in every region 4 bushes were harvested as 4 repetitions. Leaf area, types and numbers of stomata, sectioning of leaf, stems and roots was done and the amount of activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes was investigated. Enzymesactivity, the number of stomata per mm2 of leaf and leaf level in samples of contaminated area was increased significantly (pr