نشریه فرهنگ و ادبیات عامه
پیاپی 16 (مهر و آبان 1396)

Carful investigation on Calendar and its related ceremonies which is part of the public culture will be a good guidance in studying the social values and sociological researches. Calendar writing has a long antiquity in Iran. Iranians have experienced various calendars, some traces of which can still be found among different folks and tribes. One of those remaining calendars which bear the signs of ancient culture is Sangsari calendar. This calendar is considered as part of the cultures of folks among Sangsari’s which is associated with Mehri and, Zoroastrian, and national culture. This article, while focusing on sangsari calendar these customs and celebrations; explains about popular public songs in Sangsar which is closely related to the calendar and living system of the people. Investigating these songs helps us gain a general familiarity with the spirit of the people of this land and also become familiar with some of their social relationships.

Trial by ordeal, was kind of a divine sacred oath that in the ancient Iran used during a difficult and obscure trials for the proceedings. This kind of oath was done by fire or water. So that, in the presence of priests, if proven not guilty, the charged person with special traditions was forced to go into fire or water, or that one of his limbs with thorny fiery object was touched to prove his innocence. During the inauguration, If fire or water did not harm the defendant. His innocence was proved. The way to do this ordeal and the related terminologies indicates very common that is widely used in Balochistan. In the Balochi story "shahdad and Mahnaz ", Mahnaz is one of the two main hero of the story, she was charged with an illegitimate relationship, as Siavash in Shahnameh gives the oath of fire. After the ceremony and the oath Procedures, she proudly comes out of the fire. This unknown Iranian story is scalable with the story of Siavash in Shahnameh. In this article in addition to a comparison of the two stories are that made, vocabularies and common phrases in the trial by ordeal in the Balochi language are mentioned with correct meaning

The present research focuses on the question of genuine and un genuine in literary discourse by adopting the semiotic approach which regards discourse as process-oriented phenomenon in order to create semantic structures and investigate their effects on the interactive regime of actants based on Heidegger, Austin, Baudouin, Greimas and Tarasti thoughts in the field of semiotics and discourse analysis. At this point, to explain the language correlation with genuine and un genuine, our focus of attention as the corpus will be so–called Persian folk tale “Sezaye Niki Badist” by concentrating on this question that how folk narrative can replace the process of detecting genuine and un genuine by changing the signification production process. By genuine, we mean an utterance or statement which is linguistically and semiotically speaking the best choice according to the context and situation of discourse production and speaker's ontological point of view, while, un genuine refers to every property which disturbs or damages the natural process of signification production. The goal of the current research is to detect the conditions of realization of these opposite factors in language, according to selected corpus of Persian literary folk narrative to understand the manner of formation and their resulted changes in discourse. The main question in the current article is that what kind of factors intervene in the formation of these elements in the language and how these factors strength the discursive system, change and in some cases disarrange the realization of the signification and the reliability of the process.

Work lyrics are an interpretation of singers’ emotions and their work circumstances which are sung either individually or in choir. They also indicate livelihood, longings, sufferings, aspirations and desires, love, and prayers of the singers. These kinds of voices remove monotony and boredom from the work circumstance, sedate the wearisome pain of hard work, and enhance effort, movement, encouragement and hope among men and women in their work circumstance. In the local culture of this region, the poems sung about work and occupation make a large part of the nation’s literature. Men and women in this city for any work had a poem in unison with the doer of the work which had appropriate theme, music and motivation for the job. Unknown singers have sung these lyrics for expressing their happiness, sorrows, gloom and pains. These lyrics have played an important role in transferring cultures, beliefs, values, and norms from one generation to another. The main themes of farming songs are included loving beloved, the difficulties of farming, encouraging farmers to work, complaint about beloved, stay away from family, desire and hope which they are investigated in following.

The most famous mythological bird of Iran, Symorgh was linked his name by Zal and his fate and his family in the stories. He is a sage in the Shahnameh that aware of healing and heavenly secrets. But in most texts after the Shahnameh, this sacred and spiritual role faded and their place is apparent by sensible roles. The author of this paper is study the symorghs character in folklore stories and show its differences with the official literature. This research presents that symorgh in epic works often has conflicting characteristics, because he is not the same glorified and mythological bird. He is a devout that think questions of Zal and his family will be lost the opportunity He should be installing to worship God. In spite of this, he interferense in many stories. On the whole symorgh myth is like a mirror that reflects the transformation of the peoples thinking mode that have used of this myth in their stories.

One of the noticeable of the presence of women in folklore literature stories and formal literature stories, specially in love stories which almost illustrates positive and awe_ inspiring visage of elderly women is the character of DAYA (wet nurse). DAYA who her fundamental function is lactating and nurturing adopted infants in their childhood, sometimes in stories perform even more mothers for challenging situations in their adolescence. In addition to this, sometimes DAYA appearance as leaders or someone who aids the main characters of the stories by their experience of resolving problems. Some of the most important performances of DAYA in stories include: the intervention between lover and beloved, aiding the lover and beloved in their alliance, courage and helping warriors and AYYARAN, socio-political activities and saving adopted children’s life. On the other hand, sometimes we face procurer who perform noticeable roles in misogyny stories and demonstrate the negative visage of women, versus the positive character of wet nurses particularly in formal stories. In this research we will verify the roles and activities of wet nurses in some book namely: Samak-e Ayyar‚ Darab Name‚ Firuz-Shah Name, Jami ul-Hikayat; Sindbad Name‚ Tuti Name. . the main purpose of this research is illuminating one of the aspect of women’s characteristics in folklore literature and its reflection on literary letter which is culturally important.

Talisman and breaking talisman in popular caulture of Jabālbārez
Popular culture include beliefs, customs and rituals that are common among the group of people. And has a place in everyday life. Engaging in culture as a factor to connect people that as an essential factor to influence on the character, cohesion and social solidarity, development, evolution and political change. One can not ignore the role of popular culture in finding to find personal attitudes and tastes. Talisman and breaking talisman is one aspect of popular culture. Talisman is the use of some ambiguous and strange shapes, lines and roles. The wizard writes these shapes and line on pelt and paper for a particular purpose Jabal barez area located in Jiroft of Kerman province, has an intact popular culture for its impracticable ways and special condition. Talisman and breaking talisman is very in this area. The research is fundamental that the authors have collected the data with field work method

The hidden myths in the folk tales explain historic identity of nations. One of these tales that has current in Asia Minor, central Asia, Azarbayjan and Arrant is Taher and Zohreh's tale. The tale is description of alignment of love in front of grudge, faith in front of perjury and revival against tradition. The tale as other "Asiglar" stories a bught contents is very rich. With due attention to this point that accomplished any study in Iran ,this article study interpret the contents of Taher and Zohreh's tale in two variants of Turkman and Azarbayjan , because each variant has particulars for its as the episode of Mahim in Turkman variant and "Analar Gosni"(redeploy of women) in variant of Azarbayjan, and show their contents in five parts :religious, generosity, surprising ,amorous and epic and show their similarities and differences.

Torud district located in the southern border of Semnan province, recognized as subsidiary of Shahrud city in terms of new geographical breakdown . The dialect of people in this obsolete village, having too likeness to some kinds of Khorāsāni dialects, for various reasons, including the inaccessibility to the city has remained largely intact . Hence particular study of words, expressions and interpretations of this dialect can be useful and helpful in solving some problems of classic poems and meaning of the ancient Persian texts, In addition to the benefits of its anthropological and linguists aspects. By categorizing the terminology associated with livestock in Torud district, which is collected during a field study and completed with other correlate books, this study attempts to point to Word derivation, the roots of some ancient words and any tradition joint to livestock in Torud folklore. Morever this study is a main step for ranchind dictionary collecting .