فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 30 (تابستان 1396)

The central area of any cities is of critical importance in the process of urban sustainable development. Diversity of land uses is an inevitable characteristic of a lively and dynamic urban center. These various land uses should support each other and need to be located in appropriate locations. In urban centers with different activities, public green spaces underpin urban sustainability and increase quality of life. In fact, nowadays there is an increased need for qualified and well-located public green spaces, in particular parks, in these areas. Therefore, green space site planning is amongst the most important of all management decisions for environmental and urban planners in a city. Reliable site planning is indispensable to the decision-making processes involved in developing urban green spaces supporting sustainable development. If making the decision reflects on a rationale based on proper information and research, then a higher level of community satisfaction is expected. In fact, if an appropriate site is selected based on a comprehensive integrated approach which considers all feasible effects, most of citizens' aspirations will be fulfilled. However, the multi-criteria nature of site selection for such spaces makes this issue so much complicated that it cannot be resolved using conventional managerial methods and tools. Considering the multidimensional structure (like social, economic, environmental, ecological or planning dimensions) and multi-functionality ( (such as utilization, employment, preservation, etc.) of green spaces, green space site planning is a decision under a variety of factors and can be viewed as a multiple criteria decision-making ( (MCDM) problem. Therefore, with reference to the use of multi-criteria decision-making process for urban green space optimum site planning along with a more sustainable development path, a very important role is played by the Analytic Hierarchy Process ( (AHP) and by its generalization to feedback networks, the Analytic Network Process ( (ANP). In addition to AHP and ANP approaches, which are both comprehensive to harmonize and deal with different aspects of sustainable urban green space site planning, GIS is also best suited for handling a wide range of criteria data at multi-spatial, multi-temporal and multi-scale from different sources for a multi-criteria analysis. Finally, from the viewpoint of all the above approaches and their benefits, this article studies the development of urban green spaces in the central area of Shiraz metropolitan area, Iran based on a comparison of different sites by developing a decision support system using a three-stage procedure based on integrated GIS Analytic/Hierarchy Process. Moreover, in order to select the alternatives, the methods of analytical hierarchy process and analytic network process have been comparatively studied. The results indicate that the models would yield the same output; however, the analytic network process works more on efficiently for this purpose. Overall, empirical findings indicate that the research approach can be used for future sustainable development in establishing standard decision-making procedures in urban green planning and management. Therefore, urban planners and managers can use this research result for choosing a more comprehensive mathematical tool for complex decision and rational judgment around the selection of land use location choices.Keywords: Green space, Site planning, Multi-criteria decision-making, Shiraz

Sustainable development as a process for meeting human development goals has an undeniable impact on all aspects of human life while sustaining the ability of natural systems to continue to provide the natural resources. In spite of worldwide climate change problems caused by fossil fuel use, energy consumption levels in Iran are already high and continue to rise each year. About 40% of energy consumed by the residential buildings in this country is fossil fuel-derived. Therefore providing solutions to reduce energy consumption in this sector is very important.Tehran is the largest city of Iran and significant amounts of energy are consumed in this city. However, due to its location in semi-arid climatic region, it benefits from high sun’s radiation even in winter and low relative humidity of the air. There is high potential for energy conservation in residential buildings of Tehran. Therefore the introduction of energy efficient buildings in this city would have a significant overall impact on national energy consumption levels.Nowadays, sun shading devices are one of the most efficient elements to manage the interaction between the interiors and exteriors of buildings. They can significantly reduce cooling energy demand, improve thermal comfort, prevent the heat loss in the winter and reduce potential glare problems in residential ( (also in office and commercial) buildings.Sun shading devices can be categorized according to their placement as interior, exterior and mid-pane. Result of research and studies shows that the effectiveness increase 35% by using outside shade protection instead of inside one. This research is aware of this fact that optimized internal sun shading devices are not comparable with the external sun shading devices in efficiency and performance. Although due to the increased utilization of them in the residential buildings, this research studied the internal sun shading devices and determined the optimized internal sun shading system, and then analyzed its effect on the energy consumption in the residential building model.In this study at the first phase, the combination of four types of internal sun shading devices with three types of windows are evaluated by the Parasol simulation software to determine the optimized internal sun shading system. Simulations show that the double glazed transparent window with white dense reflective Blind ( (as optimized sun shading system), has most appropriate thermal behavior.At the next step, a building model as a case study ( (The six-story apartment in the city of Tehran) was considered for simulations of energy consumption. The Building Calc. software was applied for energy simulations and heating, cooling and total energy consumption of building was calculated with and without optimized internal sun shading system. The result shows that efficiency of internal sun shading devices increase by using dense texture, high reflectance and low transfer rate.Energy consumption of residential buildings in Tehran reduced up to 14% only by using optimized internal sun shading system. This method could be one of the best solutions to reduce the energy demand in residential buildings because of the large coordination with Iran’s economic, cultural and social conditions.Keywords: Sustainable development, Energy conservation, Sun shading system, Internal sun shading device, Energy consumption simulation.

Early in the last century, growth of urbanization, leads to expansion of residential construction and at the same time leads to less attention to the quality of the housing. But in recent decades and in the context of increasing international attention to various aspects of sustainable development, including economic development, social-cultural development, preserve and enhance the environment and also noticing the issues relating to the quality of human life, the quest for social sustainability in housing complexes has become more important. According to the social dimensions of human, achieving physical and psychological needs depends on the interaction with other people. Housing as a place where people spend the high percentage of their lifetime in it could cause participation and collaboration of family in a greater society and be a suitable place for increasing human social interaction. In the past, individuals’ social interactions were in their location and in public areas which was between houses and in every neighborhood. But in modern times by vertical connections that were created in the last century residential complexes, the lack of these interactions is felt that the lack of attention to this human fundamental need which means to interact with others, can cause irreparable damages including loss of sense of belonging to the community and also loss of security, individualism and etc. This study aims at identify and recognition the impact of the components of sustainability on the social dimension of housing and also discussing their individual and social factors on increasing social interactions in urban life. With the assumption that social sustainability improve residents' sense of belonging, participation and increasing social interactions of people. Data which are gathered in this research includes documentary studies and measurements through the questionnaire. Data collection tool in this study includes documentary studies and navigate through the questionnaire. Identification and assessment of relevant factors is done with correlation and analysis of quantitative data through statistical methods. The results show that the components of participation, identity, sense of belonging and security, respectively, have the greatest impact on increasing the level of social interaction among the residents of the residential complexes of Abazar neighborhood. Based on the results of the two categories of individual and social factors defining the social interaction, social factors has known as the most influential factor on increasing social interactions. The analysis of individual factors and social factors, led to the proposed model of the research. Accordingly, it can be said that on the one hand social interactions on the basis of subscriptions between individual’s factors of residents of residential complexes and on the other hand social factors is defined. The overlap of these factors can also increase social interaction in the residential complex. In conclusion, based on the findings of research proposals as architecture-urban planning solutions to improve the performance of municipal managers, designers and the construction of residential areas, in accordance with the principles and values of social stability and increasing levels of social interaction in the neighborhood and housing complexes have been proposed.Keywords: Housing Social Stability, Social Interaction, Individual Factors, Social Factors.

Establishing appropriate moving circulation in various spaces of art galleries is one of the most important indicators considered especially in the design of such spaces. The importance of this issue is the optimal operation of such spaces and is largely dependent on the proper functioning of this sector. Achieving optimal routing solutions in the interior spaces is one of the factors that increases the space readability. The need to address this issue goes back to this problem of the cultural uses, such as museums and galleries; the indicators related to the space readability are not seriously addressed by the designer. This causes the reduced space efficiency and sometimes subtly reduced space satisfaction. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the routing process in the interior spaces of the galleries as well as to explain the principles and elements of space cognition required to facilitate routing in such spaces. In order to achieve this, first the theoretical framework to explain the optimal routing factors in the galleries was identified. These factors were categorized on the qualitative and quantitative scales leading to qualitative and quantitative approaches towards examining the case. In the quantitative approach, the space cognition elements including the route cognition indicating the power to analyze the data in detail beside the power of predictability prior to the design implementation. The qualitative elements as the indicators of the environmental information were explained by objective observations. The results show that in order to create the appropriate routing in the interior space of the galleries, the space should be examined both in terms of the spatial cognition elements and environmental information elements. Regarding the uses such as art galleries, the increase of the readability, spatial cognition and cognitive maps along with the route encourages the person to continue and causes a pleasant feeling of satisfaction along the way for him. Thus, in spaces with complex mapping which need the use of routing elements in terms of the space cognition indicators, creating such invoices in the way of the visitors helps to improve the routing operation. In fact, these types of elements reduce the complexity of the space on the one hand, and on the other hand, express respect for the visitors by helping them to have easy and appropriate access to various spots in the environment. In other words, generally, the routing elements help to "organize the human behavior" in the environment. Moreover, about how the information and data can be organized in a way to optimize the routing process, it can be said that in the present study, first, the space cognition elements ( (syntactic indicators) were explained through which the key spots in the space were introduced and examined. Therefore, in the current study, the architectural elements used to evaluate the environmental information were introduced each of which were placed based on the space cognition indicators. Therefore, the space cognition elements must be compatible and in corporation with the other elements of the galleries besides including the space cognition features.Keywords: Wayfinding, Art galleries, Space exploration, Space syntax, Environment information

Architecture criticism is a multidiscipline topic which usually related to level of success in meeting a prosperous architecture, or at least meeting the designers’ objectives. The criticism procedures should satisfy the needs of all the stakeholders who participate in architectural design process. Criticism has a lot to do with a wide range of tangible and intangible issues such as environmental, social, technical, economic, aesthetic and fictional issues. Therefore performance-based criticism is an approach to evaluate architect's success in meeting aims and objectives of all the stakeholders who might be interested in the project. It is essential to explain that the level of architectural performance is affected by “context”. Moreover high-performance architecture might be crystalized through the relationship of form and content. This paper is to make a framework for discourse of high-performance architecture in order to shape a Method to understand contemporary architecture. As well as make a substantive model to criticize strength and weakness on contemporary architecture, especially contemporary architecture of developing countries such as Iran. Contrary to much of conventional approaches, architecture criticism not only study building beyond the way it performed but also prefer to analyze hidden dimensions of architectural design process.Theoretical framework of the paper is based on understanding architecture as a comprehensive discourse. Assumption of the research indicates that architecture is a matter of discourse and comprehensive meaning of high-performance architecture might be understood by adopting the relationship between architecture and architect as a critical discourse. It is essential to describe performance-based design as way to meet demands and expectation of all the stakeholders in architectural design process, especially in programing and planning phase.The research methodology of the paper is based on discourse analysis theory in order to explain the relationship between architecture and context as matter of understanding the level of performance. Moreover the research methodology aims at revealing socio-cultural, ultramundane, intangible and psychological characteristics of “architecture” rather than tangible and physical issues.The results of the paper show that a comprehensive approach toward architecture criticism includes five categories: 1- Relation to Context: high-performance architecture has to crystalize a meaningful learning from nature. The interrelationship of performative characteristics of architecture, recombinant materials and socio-cultural aspects of design. 2- Process-Based Approach: Understanding the level of performance is to concentrate on process in order to meet stakeholders’ demands and objectives. 3- General Welcoming: Performance-based design has a lot to do with collective mind. 4- Recriticizing Critics of Critics: Architecture might be read in contemporary discourses. Architects sometimes have their own approach toward architecture criticism which might be called designerly way of knowing and doing which works as a new style of architectural criticism. 5- Redevelopment of Future Discourse: New architectural technologies such as digitalism, prefabrication, biotechnology, recycled materials, mathematical architecture etc. are about to shape a new paradigm for future architecture. Based on theoretical developments future legacy in architecture is in need of a kind of ethno-futuristic discourse. It is essential to redevelop future discourse in programing architecture in order to understand high-performance architecture.

The increase in the aging population has become one of the biggest concerns of the modern world, and Iran, in particular. According to statistics, if the current situation continues with the growth in the aging population, an increasing aging population will happen in Iran's near future. Isfahan, as one of the biggest and most crowded cities in Iran with a high urban population rate, will face aging population increase in the coming years. Chahar bagh-e Abbasi Street of Isfahan as one of the most important streets is located at the heart of the city. Many people and tourists from different ages always use this street; consequently, it should be appropriate for all of them. An age-friendly city was introduced by World Health Organization as a new approach in urban planning. Aging people like other age groups, and as precious social capitals, have the right to use urban spaces. Perhaps their presence in urban spaces can supply many of their physical and mental needs and their participation in communities may provide the means for the realization of the concept of active aging due to the fact that mental and physical activities have a direct impact on the quality of life for the elderly. This research aimed at extracting assessment indicators of age-friendly urban spaces and assessed them in the Chahar Bagh-e Abbasi Street of Isfahan. In this descriptive-analytical research, following a literature review, urban design indicators in age-friendly cities have been extracted from different related resources. Then, indicators were assessed based on the relations defined by the author according to standards and GIS software. Afterward, for evaluating indicators, based on formula defined by the authors and Standards, GIS software and fieldwork were used and finally the desirability of all indicators was offered. The results identified indicators such as access to the water closets, access to public transportation and access to rest area were recognized as the best indicators while some indicators such as blocks scale and pedestrian crossing were recognized as the worst indicators. In conclusion, some guidelines have been offered in order to improve the weak indicators and increase the space conformity of Chahar Bagh-e Abbasi Street of Isfahan with the age-friendly urban spaces criteria. Firstly, pedestrian crossing areas should be mobilized by voice signals in order to be matched with the low rate of speed among the elder. Secondly, all the building blocks need to be constructed with standard scale so that ageing people can find their ways much easier. Thirdly, all the factors in stairs and ramps including slope, height, width and texture should be standardized to increase public space safety for the elder, disabled people and other citizens with particular condition. In addition, using tiles with suitable color, texture and size can improve the legibility of pedestrian areas. Last but not least, trash bins with standard height, capacity and color should be added in some parts of the street in order increase the accessibility of them for citizens particularly for ageing population.Keywords: Urban spaces, Age-friendly city, Elderly, Evaluation indicators, Chahar Baghe Abbasi Street of Isf high-performance architecture, performative design, contemporary architecture, architecture criticism, future legacy in architecture, discourse

Today, the countries that have been known as developed countries not only they have high economic and social indicators, but also the distribution of incomes and facilities are justly. But in underdeveloped countries (for example our country Iran), the values of these indicators ( economic & social and etc), are low and their distributions are unjustly. One of the great features of urbanization in underdeveloped counties is inappropriate spatial distribution of cities. One of the phenomena that have been accrued in our cities is macrocephaly phenomenon. Urbanization and the desire to live in major cities, has increased in most countries, especially in less developed countries. The poor spatial distributions of cities are the other feature of urbanization in less developed countries. Macrocephaly phenomenon has been shown in less developed countries and the size of largest city in these countries is more than 5 to 10 equal of size of population of second city. Aggregation of administrative – politic activities and commercial – social activities in first city are deterrent of development in other cities in this countries .As a result, regional and national balance is destroyed. In Iran, this condition is different between cities. So some cities ( for example center of province) are location of aggregation of facilities and population and other city don’t have their facilities and many people due to their needs migrate to first city and then this is led to macrocephaly phenomenon. One of the province in our country that this phenomenon is clearly is Lorestan. Hence, all of facilities and capital have been accumulated in center of province ( Khoram abad city) and other cities don’t have them. Finally this problem is harmful for this provice because population of other cities migration to Khoram abad city ( center of Lorestan province ) and increase population of province center .While, these cities will be faced with reduction of population on the other hand their cities have enough facilities . So should be identified facilities and appropriate of intermediate and small cities also should be strengthened their appropriate to prevent macrocephaly phenomenon in this province. The purpose of this research is, considering and analyzing of urban network Lorestan province by using Lorenz curve, Gini Coefficient, entropy coefficient. At finally present a model in order to improving and strengthening the role of intermediate and small cities in to prevent from macrocephaly phenomenon in province . This research is applied and the method of research is "Descriptive – analytic". The data has been collected library. By using models that was mentioned above, has analyzed urban network of Lorestan province. The findings of research show that according to result of Lorenz curve, Gini Coefficient, density percent in lorestan cities is semi-balanced, also base on entropy coefficient, establishment of population and urban space balance is well. Also by identifying and strengthening and distribution of facilities in intermediate and small cities will be prevented from first city in province. On the other hand if identify facilities of intermediate and small cities, the cites will develop in future.

There is a circle in survey from idea to effect –which makes the act of creation - and from effect to idea –concerned in the scope of thinking, cognition and perception, which is conducive to the formation of culture and civilization. Formation of any civilization is the result of interaction between ideas and forms. If there is no idea, there will be no form and effect and if there is no effect, idea promotion would be meaningless. During the history and past religious idea – there was a myth as a guiding idea for other ideas, i.e. Philosophical, Mystical and Political ideas that based on their interaction, creation of a civilization forms was possible. Architecture as a historical form has been the result of interaction between the triple ideas proposed under religious idea. The culture of any society and civilization results from impressionability of various ideas in different spheres of the society. The subject dates back to the golden age of Persian art and culture and Islamic- Persian culture, when several elements of culture had a close and multifaceted relationship with each other. In other words, art and architecture works of different periods can not be studied separately and we can not limit each period with a special ideas framework; Because idea and effect ( (work), in each period, were the results of evolution of the past and among them something as a whole included all ideas and effects; a whole that can not be decomposed into its components and it is the same mythic-religious thinking. The whole idea (religion) is not just composed of its components ( (mystical, philosophical, political ideas) but it is more a structure which is caused by interaction of its components with each other and the components with the whole. This study is an attempt to explain the role and contribution of each idea in creation of architectural works of sasanid civilization by definition of each idea and it aims to review their role in relation to architectural form that is attended with a kind of unity by consideration of historical form of the period which is based on a philosophical-mystical- political idea, and in other word, the study aims to clarify the interaction between the dominant idea of the time ( (Zeitgeist) and architectural effect(work). This structure represents the unity of a dynamic relationship in which each component is involved in performance. Religious idea as a whole is the leader of the three ideas in each culture that are accompanied with forms creation by interaction with each other. The three ideas include: 1- Philosophical ideas, 2- Mystical ideas, 3- Political ideas that play an important role in creating artistic, architectural and literary works under influence of each other. Each of these ideas shows two kinds of belonging: natural and divine belonging and another belonging is resulted from historical circumstances that have been created in different historical periods. This study is an attempt to define the triple ideas and obtain some points from their impressionability in the sasanid period. projects in the study sample were used. Finally, examples of effective components of the solutions culture-based to successfully achieve urban regeneration projects.Keywords: Religious, Philosophical, Mystical, and Political Idea, Architectural Effect, sasanid Era