فهرست مطالب

مجله آبیاری و زهکشی ایران
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (امرداد و شهریور 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/06/24
  • تعداد عناوین: 15
|
|
  • M. Salarian*, A. Alizadeh, K. Davary, H. Ansari Pages 322-334
    Soil moisture control and salinity control are important management components to reduce water consumption and improve the quality and quantity of the products in greenhouses. An experiment was conducted in order to determine the effect of deficit irrigation and salinity stress on physiological characteristics and yield of bell pepper in the greenhouse during winter and spring 2013-2014, in the greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The smart drip irrigation system is used to irrigate the bell pepper. For this purpose, plant moisture is detected by humidity sensors "REC-P55" embedded in pots. The necessary commands and instruction were given to the controller to connect or disconnect irrigation. The irrigation treatments were applied to include 100% (I1), 85% (I2) and 70% (I3) of water requirement as well as three levels of salinity in the amount of 1/2 (S1), 3 (S2) and 6 (S3) dS/m, and with three replications in a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The results have shown a very significant effect (%1) of salinity and deficit irrigation on yield, fruit number and fruit weight. Although the interaction of salinity and deficit irrigation on fruit yield at 5% level, but it did not have a significant effect on the number of fruit. In other words, the low number of fruits cannot be the cause of a reduced performance. But a decrease in the number of fruit can reduce the average weight of the fruit. With increasing salinity and lack of irrigation, the leaf chlorophyll has fallen leaf chlorophyll. Salinity and irrigation practices on the leaf stomatal conductance, did not show significant differences between treatments . However, with increasing salinity and lowering irrigation its amount has been dropped. The amount of used water has dropped due to low irrigation and salinity. The use of smart irrigation systems has led to remarkable water save. The results have shown that fresh and dry weight, leaves and roots, as well as the percentage of water content in the roots and leaves have fallen, due to the effects of limited irrigation and salinity.
    Keywords: Bell pepper, Deficit irrigation, REC, P55, salinity, Smart
  • F. Karandish*, S. Salari, A. Darzi-Naftchali Pages 335-345
    Despite the population increase and the need to produce more fruit to meet per capita consumption of fruits, non-compliance of cropping pattern to the available water resources in a region, especially in water scarce areas, led to reduction in the production of horticultural crops in recent years. In this research, the most appropriate cropping pattern of the horticultural crops in Sistan and Baluchestan province was determined based on the concept of virtual water. Calculations were done using a 12-year period (2000- 2011) data of yield and crop sown area of 32 horticultural crops, irrigation and climate of different counties of the province. Totally, 81% of the area under cultivation of horticultural crops in the province was allotted to tropical, subtropical and dry fruits. Having consumed about 30% of the total water allocated to the horticultural crops of the province, dry fruits produce only one percent of the province's fruits. Substituting this group of fruits with fine fruits in Khash and Zahedan counties, will increase gardening income by 2810 $ ha-1 while reducing water consumption by about 10.2 thousand cubic meters. Fine fruits have the first priority for cultivation in the province followed by tropical, subtropical, pome, nucleate and dry fruits. Removal dry fruits from cropping pattern will save 36.46 million cubic meters of water per year which consequently helps sustainable production of horticultural crops in the Sistan and Baluchistan province. Based on the results, even in the presence of current water - intensive cropping pattern, spatial prioritization of cultivating horticultural crops based on desired criterion can diminish water consumption by gardeners and increase income per unit water consumed. This situation ensures sustainable production of horticultural crops in the province.
    Keywords: Arid climate, Blue virtual water, Fruits, Virtual water balance, Self, sufficiency in production
  • H. Ghamarnia*, B. Nazari, M. Eghbal Ghobadi Pages 346-355
    Shallow groundwater is a resource that provides and meets the high amounts of plant’s needed water in the conditions of optimal management. In this research the effect of using different shallow water table (60, 80 and 110 cm) depths on production of two chickpea cultivars namely (Azad and Bivanij) in two years from 2013 to 2014 was investigated. During study, no surface irrigation was used and only water to the plant through different shallow groundwater levels was supplied using capillary rise. The research was carried out in the lysimeteric station located in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Razi University. All treatments were carried out in a complete randomized design based on the factorial manner experiment. Groundwater for all treatments was supplied by Marriott siphon, by daily recording. The results showed that, in both years of the study, the highest and lowest groundwater contribution was belonging to depths of 60with 65% and 110 cm depths with 22% groundwater contribution respectively. The results also showed that by increasing groundwater depth the percentage of groundwater contribution decreased. Additionally, the results showed that maximum and minimum water use efficiency, based on seed yield was belong to Azad cultivars for water table depths of 110 and 60 cm respectively. Moreover, during the first and second years of the study, the highest and lowest grain yield was belonging to Azad cultivar with water table depth 80 and 60 cm respectively.
    Keywords: Groundwater, Water use efficiency, performance, Shallow groundwater levels, chickpea
  • A.Khalili Naft Chali*, A. Khashei Siuki, A. Shahidi Pages 356-366
    Evaporation from the soil surface is an important component of the water balance in the arid and semi-arid areas .In this study, to estimate the evaporation from open water surface, the empirical equations of Hefner, Shahtin, Marciano, Tichomirof, Ivanof, America Land Development Authority and Meyer have been used and modified in the study area. KNN model and M5 decision tree model were built ones data mining method to estimate the evaporation from open water surface. In so doing, data from meteorological stations in Birjand, Iran were used for finding the best effective input data on evaporation. Meanwhile, Gamma test was conducted to find the best combination of input parameters for estimating evaporation. To compare the results, the statistics of root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (R2) and mean absolute error (MAE) were analyzed. The results showed that M5 decision tree model reached the most optimum results than KNN model in most cases but the modified Meyer’s equation for Birjand area represented better estimation of open water surface evaporation due to 0.81 correlation coefficient and 2.06 errors.
    Keywords: Empirical equations, Evaporation, KNN model, M5 decision tree model
  • J.Abas Palangi, M.A. Gholami Sefidkohi* Pages 367-376
    Saturated hydraulic conductivity is important physical parameters of water movement in the soil, especially in determining the distance between the drain lines is the drainage projects. High cost and Time-consuming the field measurement and high variability of this parameter, a correct understanding of the changes in the amounts of saturated hydraulic conductivity is difficult in projects. So selecting the location and number of measuring is the first step to determining the spatial variability of Hydraulic conductivity which is corresponds to reality. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the impact the new sampling methods on the accuracy of geostatistics estimates. Optimal sampling design, is the stage sampling. In this method, sampling of a parameter will done in two or more stages and data from each step, will form the basis of the next step designation. This study is done in 40 thousand hectares, within Siahrud to Talar River of Mazandaran province to compare the stage sampling method based on the standard error of geostatistical methods, with conventional sampling methods (single-stage) on improving the estimation of spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity. In this study, four different proposed scenarios were examined. One scenario based on common sampling method and three scenarios based on the stage sampling. The results indicate that the use of all scenarios, including stage sampling, resulting in fewer errors, better estimation and stronger Spatial structure in determination the saturated hydraulic conductivity values. Among the stage methods, the spatially balanced design approach was less accurate relative to the standard error of prediction index. The RMSE, MAE and ASE values in the scenario designed by kriging standard error of prediction than conventional sampling methods reduced respectively from 5.56, 4.7 and 17.3 to 3.79, 2.84 and 3.86 m.d-1 and so improving 39.6, 31.8 and 77.7 percent these three indicators error.
    Keywords: Sampling, kriging method, Spatially balanced design, Standard error of prediction
  • M. Salarijazi* Pages 377-387
    Annual maximum discharge time series is a very important series for hydrological planning and design. Various factors such as changes in climate, land use and land cover as well as other human affected activities can affect the characteristics of this series, therefore estimation of changes of its characteristics is an applied research. The objective of this study is evaluation of changes in empirical probability distribution function (EPDF) and the empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) of annual maximum discharge time series on the basis of a novel approach. For this purpose, three annual maximum instantaneous flood peak discharge time series belonging to Araz-Kouseh, Lazoureh and Tamer hydrometry stations with 43 years recorded data located in Golestan province are used. The results indicate that estimated changes in the studied series occurred in upper quantiles. It is clear the changes pattern of EPDF and ECDF curves were different during their periods. The Araz-Kouseh ECDF curve of last year did not show certain change in comparison with its first year curve while Tamer and Lazoureh series show a lot of changes in upper level of maximum discharge respectively. Comparison of first and last years EPDF curves show the domains of Araz-Kouseh EPDF curves are relatively constant but they experienced significant increase in Tamer and Lazoureh series. In addition the last year EPDF modes increase relative to the corresponding values in first year EPDF in all of three series. The probability values corresponding to the modes had limited changes for Araz-Kouseh series while experienced considerable increase for other two series.
    Keywords: Distributional Changes, Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function (ECDF), Empirical
  • N. Kardan*, Y. Hassanzadeh, H. Razavi Nejad Pages 388-402
    Forecasting of water demand in water supply systems is essential to water resources management and its distribution as properly. According to non-linear and oscillation process of water consumption and its affecting variables, the use of non-linear models such as neural networks have get more success in this field. On the other hand, these models have some defects such as the need to more training data and weakness in finding global optimal solutions. In this study by combining the multi-layer neural networks with PSO and ICA evolutionary algorithms, the mentioned defects eliminated firstly, and then the neural networks trained and the daily water demand of Soufiyan city is predicted based on weather parameters. The results show that the hybrid neural network with PSO and ICA algorithms had better performance compared to a network that trained by LM classical algorithm. The hybrid model of neural network with PSO algorithm has correlation coefficient equal to 0.98 which have the more accurate solutions than other models in any of the warm and cold seasons. Also water demand forecasting with proposed hybrid model in the next 10 years revealed that water demand will be increased about 40% in this city.
    Keywords: Forecasting, Imperialist competitive algorithm, Particle swarm optimization, Neural network, Water demand
  • M. Hadi*, S. Jalili, A. Majnooni Heris Pages 403-411
    This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design at Research Field of Agriculture Faculty of Tabriz University in 2015-2016 growing season. yield and yield components of irrigated wheat under three stress levels (full irrigation, 30% stress and 50% stress) and rainfed wheat under three supplemental irrigation levels (without irrigation, one-time irrigation at June and two-time at May and June) were evaluated with three replicated. Results showed that water stress reduced 1000-grain weight, number of seeds in spike and consequently, decreased grain yield. In rainfed farming wheat, the treatments with two supplemental irrigations had the largest number of seeds in the spike and, the maximum straw yield. In the rainfed wheat yield there was not observed a significant difference between the treatments that were irrigated once (at June) and the treatments that were irrigated twice (during May and June). Although 30 percent of water stress applied to reduce irrigated wheat yield as 1.13 ton/ha, but using 64.1 percent of stored water resulting from this stress, as a supplemental irrigation at June, increased yield of rainfed wheat farming as 2.16 ton/ha. This matter will be increased yield production and wheat water use efficiency.
    Keywords: Grain Yield, Stress, Water use efficiency
  • H. Zare Abyaneh, Z. Moshare*, A. Afruzi Pages 412-423
    In this study the analytical and numerical solutions are used in the steady-state drainage problem in the three rectangular, semicircular, and triangular cross-section trenches. Equations that are derived by conformal mappings and complex potential theory were used for the analytical solution and SEEP/W software was used for the numerical simulation. Furthermore, physical sandbox models are designed for all the three sections in laboratory conditions and the outflows from the drainpipe are measured at 10, 20, 30, 4 and 50 cm depths. According to the three methods, in this study optimum installation depth of drainpipe that has maximum drainage outflow in the both rectangular and semicircular cross-sections is obtained at 40 cm and for the triangular cross-section is 32.5 cm using the analytical solution and 30 cm using the numerical solution and the experimental results. The results are assessed by the differences between the dimensionless discharges obtained from the analytical and numerical solutions and from the experimental conditions using relative root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). RMSE in the analytical solution for the triangular section 0.048, the semicircular section 0.061, and the rectangular section 0.071 and the R2 are 0.99, 0.98, and 0.98 and in the numerical solution 0.045, 0.056, and 0.041 for RMSE and 0.87, 0.97, and 0.97 for R2 are obtained, respectively. Comparison of the analytical and numerical solutions results with the experimental results showed that the both methods can simulate seepage flow in the trench with high accuracy. However, the accuracy of numerical solution was more than analytical solution, that it comes from some simplifications and assumptions considered in the analytical solution. In the analytical solution the ponded depth of water is considered small and negligible and the circular perimeter of the drainpipe is taken intoaccount as a line that these are the reasons for the less accurate results of analytical solution. Additionally, the hydraulic of the flow in entrance to the drain pipe is not considered in the analytical solution.
    Keywords: Drainage, Flow net, Installation depth of pipe, SEEP, W, Trench flow, Trench shape
  • G.Panahi, S.R.Khodashenas* Pages 424-434
    From the perspective of geotechnical engineering, increasing the stability of earth slopes into three general categories, mechanical methods, soil reinforcement and chemical methods, are divided. The geotechnical engineering researchers have been considered on the soil behavior modification to aid additives that is classified in chemical methods, always as one of the most effective methods for increasing the stability of the earth slopes. In this study, the effect of adding four materials sodium chloride, calcium chloride, lime and mixed of lime and bagasse ash at 5, 7.5 and 10 wt% during the curing period of 7 and 21 days, were studied. The results of this study showed that sodium chloride reduces the stability of earth slopes, and calcium chloride, lime and mixed of lime and bagasse ash enhance the stability of earth slopes. The results also showed that the curing period of 21 days compared to 7-day curing period is more effective in increasing or decreasing the stability of earth slopes.
    Keywords: Lime, bagasse ash, Sodium chloride, Calcium chloride, Earth channel
  • S. Farzin*, H. Karami, M. R. Hassanvand, A. H. Salimi, E.Zamiri Pages 435-447
    Due to shortage of rainfall in Iran, the owners of Industries and businesses that their field of work are related to water are use ground water resources to compensate this shortage. This matter in Iranian plains like Kabudarahang plain, which is located in the Hamedan, Iran province led to drawdown of water levels in the aquifers and irreparable consequences has been followed. In this study, at first in ARC GIS maximum depth of bed was appointed. Then draw down of groundwater levels of Kaboudarahang were modeled and analyzed using MODFLOW hydraulic model at GMS software in the period of 2002 to 2011. Also hydraulic conductivity coefficients and specific yield coefficient were calibrated and verified. The results of statistical indices show that the model simulates the fluctuations of groundwater levels with an acceptable level of accuracy in Kabudrahang. The study followed by doing sensitivity analysis for surface feeding and specific yield parameters that calculated results shown specific yield is more effective. Then the drawdown of ground water levels in wells is predicted up to 2022 that estimated largest drawdown was about 5 meters.
    Keywords: Budget parameters, Ground water, GMS, Kabudrahang plain, Shahid Mofateh power station, software
  • T. Abbasi, S. A. Shamsnia* Pages 448-460
    In examination of hydrologic issues and water resources, analysis of rainfall information has special importance. Due to various restriction, lack of harvest and visit reading rate of rainfall, limited us to access these information. So apply the methods of estimating water level in specific points is important in the various studies, on the base information of contiguous points. In this research, the common methods of interpolation, Kriging ground statistics and adaptive neuro-fuzzy ablation system were evaluated in Fars province. In this study, 20 synoptic stations of Fars province has been used during 29 years statistical period from 1981-1982 until 2009-2010. Through the investigation was done, December in years of 1992-1993 and 2004-2005 as the best pattern of wetness and April in years of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 as the best pattern of drought period and also April and November in the 2006-2007 was chose as the annual normal pattern. In Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for each of the above years, the number of membership, Gaus 2mf, Gsussmf and Gbell were evaluated separately. It’s noticeable that at first consider 15 stations as a training in this system and 5station Tongab, Shourjeh, Baba Arab, Shiraz and Chamriz were evaluated. In this project rating of RMSE, R2 and EF evaluated and compared by two methods of Kriging and Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. According to the obtained results it became clear that in the wetness periods Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, provided more acceptable results. Also during the drought period for predict the rainfall, Kriging method is suggested. The most accurate results are obtained in normal periods in April by Kriging method and in November by Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system method.
    Keywords: Fars province, Neuro, Fuzzy Inference System, Estimating Precipitation, Kriging
  • E.Shahmoradi*, A. A. Kamgar-Haghighi, A. R. Sepaskhah, D. Khalili, M. Haghighat Pages 461-470
    Irrigation of citrus, as one of the major fruit crops in Mozandaran province is of particular importance during spring and summer, because of reduced precipitation and crop sensitivity to water stress. This study was performed to manage irrigation of citrus orchards in Ramsar city. In this study the soil water balance equation was used in the Excel environment to calculate time and number of irrigations needed for a citrus orchard over a 30-year period, using data from meteorological stations in Ramsar city. The results showed that in April, 100% of irrigation water requirement is met by precipitation. During May and September, 63% of the 30 years did not require Irrigation. For June, July and August, respectively, in 67%, 73% and 73% of the years irrigation was needed, which it was shown that the probability for irrigation during June, July and August were respectively higher for the final 10-days, middle 10-days and initial 10-days of these months. The calculated irrigation water per irrigation was 84 mm. According to results, July and August are the hottest months in the city of Ramsar. The Man-Kendall test results showed that during the past 30 years the number of irrigations for spring and summer increased due to rising temperatures and evapotranspiration and reduced rainfall, but it was not statistically significant. However, significant increase in temperature and evapotranspiration was observed during autumn.
    Keywords: Climate change, Irrigation management, Trend analysis, Water balance
  • M. Shafaei*, A. Fakheri-Fard, Y. Dinpashoh, R. Mirabbasi Najaf Abadi Pages 471-483
    In this study, the first flood time series of vanyar station on Ajichay rivr was separated from base flow using local minimum method, 34 flood events were distinguished and flood event characteristics were extracted and then dependence structure between the characteristics of the flood event (peak flow, peak time, the total volume and base time of flood) diagnosed using the D-vine structure and then mentioned characteristics were simulated using the most accurate D-vine structure. To get the best D-Vine structure first structures were constructed through permuting the features of flood and then different Elliptical and Archimedean copula families were fitted on each pair-copula and the most accurate copulas were selected according to Akaike and Bayesian information criteria for each of pair-copula. In this way, the best combination of copulas was obtained for each of D-vine structures and the best structure was selected to simulate feature of flood and ultimately to evaluate the effectiveness of selected structure in the simulating of flood characteristics, the main statistics of simulated flood features were calculated and results showed that the mean and standard deviation of all simulated properties of flood were maintained well. However, the minimum, maximum and skewness of simulated features of flood in some features had been maintained well and also were preserved relatively well in some other features. Finally, the results showed that for obtaining the best D-vine structure should be performed all permuting of variables and also mentioned structure is capable in accurate simulation of flood characteristics even in short time series.
    Keywords: Copulas, Dependence structures, Flood, Simulation, Vine structures
  • A.A. Mirzaiee*, A.H. Nazemi, S. A. Ashraf Sadrdini, R. Dalir Hasanniya Pages 484-495
    Science of heat transfer is one of the most and widely used engineering sciences. porous media Because of their structure provides large heat transfer surface in a given volume Therefore study heat transfer in porous media soil have been considered because of the importance of the underlying soil and bsorb water and roots in recent years. In this study is surveyed coupled transfer heat and water in porous media soil that heat transfer by convection using Thermography (IRT) and is laboratory conditions. Experiment is conducted in the physical model made in the ofdepartment Engineering and Technology University of City padva in Italy (for the sabbatical). Numerical analysis based on the finite difference and equation heat transfer in porous media and Using Comsol model. measurement Temperature Done in porous media saturated sand using thermocouples and at designated points and at coupling of different temperature and water flow rate (q1, 2, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) Compare experimental and numerical results show that the Comsol model simulates with great accuracy coupled transfer heat and water Also surface heat diffusion in porous media soil. In Coupled transfer heat and water in porous media at flow further, is spent less time to achieve steady state. Experimental results showed that in coupled transfer heat and water, longitudinal profiles heat will be increased With higher temperatures in porous media. Higher the value, the greater the flow rate of water will be less diffusion longitudinal profiles heat(diffusion longitudinal profiles heat coupled q2T4 shown greater than coupled q1 4). As the temperature increases development time and achieve a steady state temperature profiles increases in porous media. With the constant flow and rise of temperature decline time development to reach steady state temperature profiles in the length and longitudinal distances determined porous Media.
    Keywords: Comsol model, Convection, Coupled transfer heat, water, Heat transfer, Porous Media