نشریه مهندسی نقشه برداری و اطلاعات مکانی
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 31، شهریور 1395)

Flood is one of the most devastating natural disasters with socio-economic and environmental Consequences. Thus, comprehensive flood management is essential to reduce the flood effects on human lives and livelihoods. The main goal of current study is to investigate the application ensemble of evidential belief function with AHP (EBF-AHP), for flood susceptibility mapping in the Fars Province, Jahrom Township. Nine factors that influence locations of floods were considered in this research and processing in ArcGIS environment. These factors include slope degree, slope aspect, altitude, topographic wetness index (TWI), stream power index(SPI), distance to rivers, lithology, land use and rainfall.
The predicted results from the models were validated using the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC). From 53 floods identified, 35 locations (≈70 %) were used for the flood susceptibility mapping, while the remaining 16 floods (≈30 %) were used for the model validation. The area under the curve (AUC) for the ensemble of evidential belief function with AHP was calculated as %71.3 and for evidential belief function the AUC were %73.4. The results of this study can be useful for managers, researchers, and planners to Manage the susceptible areas to flood and reduce damages.

Social Network Based service is one of the services which has embraced a lot of smartphones users. Utilizing these services, people can share their pictures or posts with each other. On the other hand, equipping the mobile devices with the latest Positioning technology (such as GPS) and wireless communications (such as Wi-Fi) makes it possible for users to save their positions and trajectories and then publish them on the Internet. By developing such technologies, users can be able to share their spatial data, such as geo tagging pictures or notes on social networks. This network is called location-based social network. Location recommendation is a popular service in location –based social networks. By employing this service, unvisited sites can be suggested to the users based on their visiting history and site information. The purpose of this paper is to review the methods of location recommendation methods which utilize check-in data.

One of the main aims of physical planning is reducing the vulnerability of cities against natural disasters such as earthquake. So the first step is identifying the vulnerability of urban areas against this Natural disaster in city planning. This study seeks to identify and to zone the vulnerable areas in Kerman. Since its vulnerability depende on several criteria, the used model is a type of multi-criteria models; furthermore, on account of the nature of place of standards, the model has been implemented in GIS. Delphi method and questionnaires from experts in various fields was applied to obtain the criteria of vulnerability. These indexes include: characteristics of buildings (dates, number of floors or height, land use type buildings and population density), Distance from vulnerable urban infrastructure (gas station) and related tectonic features. Earth resistance criteria is relatively new also they is used in the research for the first time. Each of these indicators are ranked based on IHWP and modeling in GIS modeling And finally by applying analytic functions vulnerability map of buildings was prepared. The results of modeling standards that achieved from Delphi method with the reverse Analytic Hierarchy Process (IHWP) indicate that About 42% of buildings are less vulnerable, 35% of them are moderate vulnerable, and About 23% of them are high vulnerable. This factor shows the necessity of radical measures with crisis management approach to reduce vulnerability. Vulnerability of buildings in areas 1 and 4 of Kerman are more than other areas that should be prioritized in programs.

The field inventory method provides the required data from crown cover status of forest trees, but this method is costly and time consumer. Nowadays, remote sensing imageries provides an opportunity to automatically analysis forest characteristics with a high accuracy and low costs. This study aimed to evaluate the results of applying template matching algorithm on aerial image of UltraCam-D to delineate and detect automatically the single tree crowns of Persian oak(Quercus brantii Lind) in comparison with the results of visual interpretation techniques and the filed measurement method of crown covers. After preprocessing of images, in a terrain with an area of 10 ha inside Yasuj forest park, 100 trees of Persian oak were selected randomly. The crown area of the selected trees was determined and calculated using visual interpretation in Arcview software and was accepted as the control data. Using the field inventory, the areas of the tree crowns were measured and the numbers of sprouts in each coppice form were counted. Using the field inventory, the areas of crowns of trees were measured and the numbers of sprouts in each coppice form were counted and recorded. Moreover, to delineate and recognize the crown of trees automatically, using programming in Matlab R2014b environment, the template matching algorithm was applied on the mentioned images. The results showed that the accuracy of template matching algorithm is better than the method of field measurement and it was 4.91 percent of the control method. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient between the automatic detection of crown peaks and the number of counted sprouts in each coppice form were 77 and 74 percent, respectively.

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a stand-alone positioning technique that is capable to provide real-time centimeter level accuracy for a single receiver using the precise satellite orbit and clock data products. Nowadays, a number of free online PPP processing services have been developed in order to obtain highly accurate coordinates with respect to a well-defined datum. Four examples of these services are: (1) Canadian Spatial Reference System (CSRS-PPP), (2) GPS Analysis and Positioning Software (GAPS), (3) Automatic Precise Positioning Service (APPS) and (4) magicGNSS. This paper aims to investigate accuracy of these four online PPP services in static positioning and zenith tropospheric delays (ZTDs) estimation. To this end, repeatability of these four PPP services is investigated for two International GNSS Service (IGS) stations, namely TEHN located in Iran and SOFI located in Bulgaria, in the period from February 1-15, 2015. The repeatability of horizontal components for APPS, GAPS, magicGNSS and CSRS-PPP services are 3 mm, 5.5 mm, 5 mm and 3 mm, respectively. These values for height components are 5.5, 9.5, 6.5 and 6 mm for APPS, GAPS, magicGNSS and CSRS-PPP services, respectively. Furthermore, for the both IGS stations, the estimated position by using these services were compared with their known coordinates in ITRF2008. The results showed that precision of horizontal components obtained by these online PPP services are at a sub-centimeter level, which is required for many mapping applications. Finally, the ZTDs estimated using four online PPP services were compared for February 1, 2015. Compared with the corresponding values published on the IGS Web site, the precision of ZTDs estimated by APPS, GAPS, magicGNSS and CSRS-PPP are 3 mm, 4 mm, 3 mm and 5 mm, respectively.

Dust properties can be sensed remotely from space and the ground. The main problem of remote sensing is that it cannot measure dust directly and collect data about dust by optical behavior of the Earth-Atmosphere System. Nevertheless, the advantage of remote sensing techniques is that they measure dust properties in ambient environment, and they can have access to the mass of data over a large geographical area via satellite. With regard to sampling, field measurements are made at regional and pin point scale regarding both the surface and volume which can be problematic. Although the optical depth of dust derived from satellites are less accurate than ground-based observation, satellite-based remote sensing can supplement ground-based remote sensing in their methods of dust observation since satellite-based remote sensing covers large areas of research. Therefore, this combination can be beneficial and cost-effective in calculating the Air-Quality Index. Aura is the chemistry mission of NASA with the overall objective to study the chemistry and dynamics of Earth's atmosphere from the three observation platforms on ground through the mesosphere. The observation of the complex interactions of atmospheric constituents contributes to global environmental health. This thesis aims at modifying OMI model in deriving the optical depth to detect dust affected region using changes in surface reflectance, temperature, and dust spectral properties. The remote sensing data sets included OMI surface reflectance, OMI optical depth, OMI cloud fraction, MODIS surface temperature, and AERONET optical depth. The images included Al Jazeera and Nigeria in Africa, which were close enough in time and band. To detect the dust, particular pixels were defined. Regarding Al Jazeera, after removing the cloud effect, the correlation coefficient of surface reflectance and optical depth was 0.788 and rms=0.148 for channel 500nm. The findings revealed 0.13 higher correlation coefficient and 0.24 higher accuracy in comparison with ground-based observations. Considering Nigeria, the correlation coefficient of dust and temperature was calculated since dust is of surface type and surface reflectance could not be taken into account. The presupposition was that altitude and temperature are inversely related. This means that the higher the altitude, the lower the temperature. To assess the validity of study, the comparison of computations based on AERONET measurement was made. The results showed correlation coefficient= 0.93 and rms=0.166 for channel 500nm. Finally, to detect the amount dust in different regions of world there is a need of information on the vegetation type, the amount of surface reflectance, temperature, as well as clouds of that region. The findings of this study suggested that the first method seemed appropriate for vegetation and the second method for desert areas.

Regarding the natural resources limitation in Semnan province nowadays, the need of a futuristic and flawless management in order to attain sustainable development is felt more than ever, besides considering the scientific urban development parameters, which pay a special attention to environment, have positive influence in this matter. In present research, the possibility of prospective urban development considering two points of views was studied: geomorphologic and ecologic carrying capacity, in west of Semnan province in order to prevent from wasting energy, time and money by the aid of zoning. After librarian studies and choosing the best research method, 1:250000 plans were gained from respective institutes and applied in GIS computer software. Fuzzy AHP was employed for weighting the layer, and at the end two plans were provided: assessment of human settlement development and ecological carrying capacity. Totally 82.02% of the case study for urban development and 58.33% for ecological carrying capacity were suitable. Semnan and Garmsar two significant cities in the case study area, were located in the average proportionality, hence any prospective development should be conditional. North of the area which contains the majority of cities and villages was located in the unsuitable region for development.