نشریه علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 25 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

Man has always been dependent on nature and for their basic needs is based to the environment. But over time due to management practices and right or wrong interventions enter the effects on land. For this reason and because of the human potential, the ecological potential for future development of land is very important. Today, many cities in our country due to its unlimited expansion and without program Can take destroy of natural environments. But the increasing urban population, followed by the growth of cities, according to the control of the development of cities and stepping to the principles of sustainable development is necessary. Purpose of this study is determination of the best of environmental arenas for urban development land use in Tarom watershed in Zanjan province. For this study was used Analytical Hierarchy Process method. For this purpose after preparation of information layers and import of these layers in Arc GIS software and after preparation of questionnaire by experts, were completed early and normal matrices for determination of layers relative weight. Upshot, layers ultimate weight and incorporation of information in Idrisi Software were performed. Results showed about 14.36 percent of total of area has appropriate grade and 10.12 percent has second degree and 75.52 percent don’t have potential for this development.

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping, a background on factors affecting the landslide, its occurrence, risk management and risk prevention. The aim of this study is to prioritize the factors affecting landslide susceptibility mapping and basin load it using the Shannon entropy index. To achieve this goal were taken into account 12 factors affecting the landslide was prepared to study and map the factors mentioned in the GIS. Prioritize the factors identified by the use of Shannon entropy index layer, which had a role in the occurrence of landslides. The landslide susceptibility zoning map was prepared using Shannon Entropy Index and evaluated with ROC And obtained accuracy of the model as well (24/81%) with a standard deviation of 0389/0.

Successful management of groundwater resources using numerical models requires knowledge of spatial distribution of hydraulic heads and it's fluctuation, aquifer parameters and other input data. this paper's aim is application and evaluation of geostatistcal model for optimal estimation of Groundwater Table Level in an area of 999 sq km in part of the north west of Kermanshah plain. To achieving this, we used the data of Water table elevations in the 50 monitoring wells in studding area. Firstly we analyses the spatial correlation of monitoring wells With the use of measured elevations of the water table, experimental semivariograms were constructed that characterizes the spatial variability of the measured groundwater levels. Linear, Spherical, Exponential and Gaussian semivariogram models were fitted to the experimental semivariogram. The finally selected models were used to estimate the groundwater levels and estimation variance (which express the best accuracy of the estimated groundwater levels). Then 3 geostatistcal interpolation method (ordinary, sample and universal Kriging) applied to interpolate water table elevations from their measurements at random locations. The cross validation algorithm was used to estimation then 7 statistical indexes (RMSE, RMESu, RMSEs, MAE, MBE, d, R2) apply to evaluation and comparing 3 mentioned interpolation method. The results indicated that the ordinary kriging(OK) with exponential semivariogram and by including 8 neighbor were the best method for modeling and interpolating ground water table level in studding area.the out pout of this paper can be applied to optimization the locate of wells network. The water resource planner and decision maker in this field can apply this optimum interpolated water table to monitoring the spatiotemporal fluctuation of water table in this area by updating it's data.

Surface roughness with different lithology, dramatically changes the slope of the range and type of show Land form. The curved lines on topographic maps, one of the important elements in detecting these changes. sinuosity indicators, including indicators that can be made using the slope of a range of features on topographic maps show. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in shape and slope of a range of limestone and nonlimestone using the sinuosity index in Kermanshah province. Type of applied research and statistical methods to review, field and analytical use of physical tools such as topographic maps, geology, geomorphology, korvimeter and GPS. Research results show that statistical methods to examine the range of topographic map, to achieve an index that can be detected with the type genus of the map, complete, valid and not usable. So you cannot use sinuosity index and the topographic map, to change the type of formations realized.

Population growth and urbanization development and use of more than motor vehicle of the factors affecting the increase in temperature in The urban areas And cause the Thermal island On urban areas and the surrounding environment. And the effects of its important role in the quality of air. In other words, the value of land use Most of the land for Construction and down the green space. So that the use of green roof technology in large cities to improve the quality of the urban environment is an appropriate option. The applicable research and descriptive- analytical studies and using AHP technique in identifying obstacles expanding green roof has been Mashhad. In this regard, study Development fields green roof the main dimensions of the the expert opinions green roof development Identification, The result of which is to determine the main axis and the obstacles. Obstacles such as green roof cost compared to conventional roof, cheap energy, and research applications, Lack of economic feasibility projects with the people and Officials and lack of written laws and regulations in this regard to the development of green roof is Mashhad. Use the experience of other countries, Acquaint the Officials and people with advantages of green roofs, Infrastructure for the private sector and proposed solution for green roofs.

The main objective of this research is to develop and provide development strategies in the border region Taybad to the realization of the fundamental issues of development of the city overcome. The data for the analysis method used SWOT analysis and strategies related to the development of the Taybad border area, presented at the end of the analysis QSPM, the main city prioritized strategies.This means that strategies to reduce weaknesses in the region and prevent or reduce the threats to it are considered as the main strategy in the development of this area. Also, the results of the analysis showed that QSPM following strategies were identified as the highest priority strategy for the development of the Taybad border region: Strengthening the infrastructure and security of the region to ineffectiveness tangible Activity transit axis Karachi Afghanistan, the share of transit border terminal Dogharoon - create an atmosphere of trust border to the central government and enhance the sense of belonging to the region - strengthening plan obstruction of physical and electronic borders and equip border - the adoption of laws principles and reduce cumbersome rules to facilitate trade and transportation between the two countries - to attract private sector participation with the support of the public sector, to invest more and create a healthy employment areas in the region