نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 15، پاییز و زمستان 1395)

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are one the great masses of people that can play a role in various fields of local social management. One of the most basic ways in which this capacity can be utilized, is the issue of supervision. In the present article, it is attempted to extract the effective factors on this issue and provide a framework for designing a model to assess the factors affecting the nongovernmental organizations involvement in monitoring the government performance. Different situations of the implementation infrastructure and the factors that affect it in Iran, in comparison with the other countries, make it difficult to use similar experiences hence it specifies the need to establish a native environment. So it has been attempted to use the thematic analysis method and interviews with 35 qualified individuals in three categories of government-related authorities, successful NGOs’s active agents and international nongovernmental organizations which are active in Iran, To be extracted the most important factors influencing the use of the capacity of NGOs in monitoring the government performance so that for the next steps, using this capacity being a scientific basis. The main themes of the thematic analysis of the thoughts & ideas of the experts include: the law, the need for mutual trust, the training and mutual empowerment of the government and the NGOs, the principle of demand in the organizations of the people, the need for the establishment of a non-political facilitator and similar vision concerning the concept of supervision. The results of the study indicate that the first step in establishing the participation of nongovernmental organizations in overseeing the government''s performance is the finalization of the law of nongovernmental organizations. The second step is to create the basis for the mutual trust between the government and the non-governmental organizations, which is further elucidated in the following subjects, namely, the training and mutual empowerment of the government and NGOs on the one side, and the establishment of a non-political facilitator in order to create the necessary coordination, on the other side, ultimately creating a similar conceptual space of supervision will make the operation of the research idea, smoother.

The discovery of oil in 1908 caused various changes in the Iranian sociopolitical ambiance. Indigenous of oil and gas fields, after recognizing social, economic and cultural differences, they had to encounter various kinds of consequences such as environmental, everyday life, their norms and values. During more than 100 years of oil presence, their experiences have been formed in certain and specific periods. The changes have been more recognizable especially after post-war change discourses because the local residents as subalterns understood their actions how could affect on the petroleum projects. Darkhovein has been selected as research field and development consequences have been investigated from resident's ideas, experiences and attitudes. First corresponding researches have been reviewed and finally developments consequences from postdevelopment and postcolonialism aspects had been considered. Lived experiences Darkhovein oil field indigenous have been collected by open and semi-structured interviews, open coding, axial coding and selective coding, and final results have been acquired according to the four paradigm models. Conditional loyalty, expecting, resistance and threat, powerless and inefficiency feelings are recognized as the main phenomena and categorized in two distinctive groups. One is supportive and the other is critical aspects. By integration of all alienation has been emerged as core phenomena.

In Iran, annually, one million people in the country have been migrating in recent years. The paper aims to study of internal migration (between counties) in Iran using spatial approach and explain it in the context of development. We used secondary analysis of 2011 census for 397 counties. Global and local indicators of spatial association, and TOPSIS, GEODA, ARC GIS were used for data analysis. The results showed Iranian counties have different levels of development, as well as, development of counties has spatial structure and cluster distribution. According to the Global Moran's I statistic, crude migration intensity inwards (CMIIj), strongly, and crude migration intensity outwards (CMIOj), poorly, tend to concentrate clusters in space. Local Moran's test results showed that the development, positively with immigration rate and negatively with emigration rate is correlated. Although, the same pattern of relationship is not followed by all counties. The results distinguished four patterns of relationships; high-high (high development-high migration), low-low (low development- low migration), high-low (high development-low migration), and low-high (low development-high migration). And also, the relationship of development and migration is not significant for some of counties. In conclusion, if centralization and unequal development continued, movement and migration flows will continue and even increase in the future.

This study aims to explore the systematic concept of drought in agricultural community and it also tries to show how farmers understand, interpret and evaluate this phenomenon and its consequences. In addition to their own interpretation of this phenomenon, what reasons do they have for it and how do they react to it based on these reasons and interpretations. It's a qualitative study and the strategy of grounded theory has been used to do research and to analyze data and to offer the final theory. After the basic concepts and the main categories based on them in the open coding had been discovered, the categories were connected according to their properties in axial coding. The findings include 5 categories: «tragic experience», «predisposed and defective grounded conditions», «draught as multifactorial phenomenon», «multilateral risk», «personal coping strategies», and basic category as «life-world at risk» that contains all main categories. Therefore, the activists in agriculture experience a risky life-world that they couldnt basically solve the problem by personal actions with a temporary result and they think future is indeterminate, full of fears and hopes. They think an enabling and totalitarian state can organize this crisis in addition to apocalyptic hopes.

Qanats are the most important groundwater management tool to cope with water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions in a sustainable manner. Despite their socio-economical functions, these managerial tools are confronted with lots of challenges. Taft County has hosted significant number of qanats that has been neglected during recent decades. The consequence of this negligence is the loss of capacity in number of barren qanats of the region. The present research aims at investigating qanat maintenance reasons in Taft county. Qualitative research approach and grounded theory method was used. The statistical population was qanat experts (qanat workers: pitman, water lords and managers) and subject matter specialists (Regional water authority and Agri-jihad organization). To reach theoretical saturation, 22 experts and 12 specialists were interviewed, respectively. Results revealed that the most important qanat maintenance reasons were categorized to environmental (amount of precipitation, water quality, qanat capacity), institutional-economical (receiving credits, qanat users’ income, and technical support facilities), socio-educational (youth training, introducing water technology to farmers, social capital, religious beliefs and women participation in qanat), managerial- fundamental (impassable transiting facilities, over-exploitation of qanats, drilling illegal wells and trans-passing on qanat bound) and agricultural-natural (water pollution and water loss during non-agricultural seasons).

Ethics and Morality as the Identifying characteristics and fundamental basics of human existence had been accepted and confirmed by different religions specifically Islam from ancient time. Ethics had enormous effects, not only on various aspects of human life, but also, on different aspects of architecture, civilization and urbanism. Islamic thoughts and teachings consider privacy and personal space as social contents and ethical values which are the basics of human dignity. As it has seen in many Islamic based architectures, private courtyards, corridors inside and out, semi-open arcade and pop-up-porous all meant to protect human dignity. According to what has been mentioned, this study mainly focuses on investigating and analyzing the residential neighborhoods’ skeleton, frame and fundamental details of the construction based on Islamic behaviors by emphasizing on privacy. The current study is a research and developmental study, and the qualitative method, interpretive strategy with non-statistical system has been used. During the process of this project, in the first step based on the descriptive- Analytical method, theoretical studies and identification of privacy indexes has been done and in the second step of research we inspected physical changes of AzabDaftarilar Historical neighborhood in Tabriz, Iran based on interpretative strategy and qualitative data analysis. The analysis of the results confirm that not only privacy was a fundamental parameter of Islamic civilization, but also invasion of modernism and technology had an adverse effects on this priority (privacy) specifically on residential buildings’ border. Despite of the massive effects of modernity, the roots of Islamic architecture in creating of privacy, has been still noticeable. It’s interesting enough to mention that after such a huge non-negligible invasion of modernity, the influence of Islamic architecture is still obvious and secures the privacy aspect of residential areas and buildings

Rural migrations, in one hand, rise of various intertwined causes and on the other hand are the result of various outcomes that faced human society with many challenges. Therefore, determine the causes and effects of migration and analyze the relationships between them are very important and it can help planners in this field. With this aim, the present study has adopted an integrated approach using structural equation modeling to study the causes and effects of rural migration in Kian district in Nahavand township. The study population consisted of rural migrants in study area. The data collection tools were a questionnaire. The sample was included 234 people who migrants to Nahavand. They were selected by simple random sampling method. According to the results, the causes and effects of rural migration could be categorized into three main groups included economic, socio-cultural and environmental. These causes and effects were interdependence in a direct and indirect manner. According to the respondents views, the most important causes and effects of rural migration were economic factors. From both cause and effect aspects the economic factors had the highest average correlation with the other main factors. Finally, based on the integrated structural model, environmental and economic causes explained about 59% of the variance of trial migration effects.