مجله فیض
سال بیست و یکم شماره 4 (پیاپی 95، مهر و آبان 1396)

Trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the most prevalent type of vaginitis in women. Considering the side effects of metronidazole and therapeutic properties of Arctium lappa L. and Satureja hortensis L. in traditional medicine, this study aimed to examine the anti-Trichomonas effects of Arctium lappa and Satureja hortensis alcoholic extracts in vitro.
This experimental study was conducted on T. vaginalis isolated from 1203 persons referred to five health centers in Kashan city. Five T. vaginalis isolates were cultured in a TYI-S-33 medium and were used to study the effect of Arctium lappa and Satureja hortensis extracts. The effects of different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 µg/mL) of plant extracts on the growth of T. vaginalis trophozoeites were studied 12, 24, and 48 h after the culture. Also, the culture media and metronidazole (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 µg/mL) were considered as the negative and positive controls, respectively. The effects of the extracts and drug were examined by counting the number of live and dead parasites using the trypan blue staining method.
Results showed that the alcoholic extracts of Satureja hortensis and Arctium lappa had an inhibitory effect on the growth of T. vaginalis. The IC50 values of the alcoholic extracts of Satureja hortensis, Arctium lappa and metronidazole after 24 h were 190.8, 996.7 and 0.0326 µg/mL, respectively.
The present study shows the in vitro anti-Trichomonas effect of Arctium lappa and Satureja hortensis extracts. The anti-Trichomonas effect of Satureja hortensis extract was higher than that of the Arctium lappa extract. Further studies are recommended to investigate the anti-Trichomonas effect of major components of these plants, especially the Satureja hortensis extract.

Avicennia marina has antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. This study was conducted to examine the effect of aqueous extract of A. marina on liver enzyme's activity, oxidative stress parameters and liver histopathology in diabetic rats.
In this experimental study, 28 male rats were allocated into the equal groups of control, diabetic control and experimental diabetic 1 and 2. The diabetes in diabetic control and experimental diabetic groups was induced using an intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg alloxan. The experimental diabetic groups received the aqueous extract of A. marina (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) in alternate days for one month. Sterile distilled water was injected to the animals of control and diabetic control groups. At the end of the treatment period, serum levels of ALT, AST, GGT and ALP were measured. Then, levels of SOD, GST, CAT and MDA were measured in the liver tissue. The liver sections were prepared and examined by an optical microscope.
Results showed that administration of the A. marina extract (100 and 300 mg/kg, ip) to the diabetic rats significantly decreased the serum levels of liver enzymes and tissue level of MDA. Also, the activity of the liver tissue's antioxidant enzymes was increased (P Administration of the A. marina extract improves liver tissue oxidative stress indices and decreases the serum level of liver enzymes. Also, A. marina extract improves liver tissue injuries induced by diabetes.

Nowadays, numerous studies have been conducted on the use of bioactive compounds as anti-cancer agents regarding their antioxidant activities. The current study aimed to assess the anti-cancer and anti-oxidant activities of organic and water extracts of brown algae (Cystoseira indica) collected from the shores of Chabahar, Iran.
The extraction was performed based on the method of immersion by n-hexane, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and distilled water as solvent during 24 hours. The reducing power, free radical (DPPH) scavenging activity, metal chelating activity and cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer cells were examined by the MTT test.
The chloroform extract showed the best reducing power compared to the other infusions, with an average of 0.36±0.02 µg/µL. Also, chloroform extract showed the best metal chelating activity with an average of 62.18±0.86 µg/µL (P The extract of the brown algae (Cystoseira indica) can be proposed as an antioxidant and anticancer compound for preclinical and clinical studies.

Trichomonas vaginalis is the cause of trichomoniasis. Due to increased resistance and side effects of the drugs, the aim of this study was to assess an anti-trichomonias effect of lavender (Lavandula officinalis) essential oil and nanoemulsion on T. vaginalis in vitro.
Lavender essential oil components were characterized by gas chromatography. To determine the cytotoxicity effects, the macrophage cell line J774.A.1 was used. Trichomonas vaginalis was isolated from vaginal secretions of the infected women and then cultured in the TYM complete medium and passaged for 10 days. The effect of essential oil and 1% lavender nanoemulsion in concentrations 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL in the 24-well plate were examined at 1, 2 and 3 hours as triplicate. Positive control was metronidazole (50 μg/mL). The number of live and dead parasites was counted by trypan blue stain with a Neubauer slide.
The viability of the macrophages for lavender essential oil was 93.70% and for nanoemulsion was 90.90%. Essential oil and nanoemulsion of lavender in concentration of 100 μg/mL and during 3 hours showed 81.7% and 81.9% growth inhibitory, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant.
Lavender essential oil and nanoemulsion has a desirable inhibitory effect on growth of T.vaginalis and can be a good choice for conducting therapeutic investigations regarding trichomonial infections.

Hippocampus organization is a part of temporal lobe, which consists of several sections including hippocampal body, dentate gyrus and subiculum. Panicum miliaceum L. contains proteins, vitamins and antioxidants for human health. This study was conducted to examine the effect of the alcoholic extract of the seed of Panicum miliaceum L. plant on hippocampus neuronal density.
In this experimental study, 24 male mice were divided into 4 groups (n=6, each group). The alcoholic extract of the seed of the Panicum miliaceum L. plant was prepared by soxhlet extraction. Three doses of the extract 25, 50, 75 mg/kg were intraperitoneally injected to 3 treatment groups for 21 days and the control group received normal saline injection. At the end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized and after perfusion, their brains were removed from the skull. After tissue processing, slices of the brain were prepared and stained. Then, different regions of the hippocampus were photographed and neuronal densities were evaluated.
Results showed that the neuronal density in the CA1, CA3 regions of the group treated with 50 mg/kg of the alcoholic extract and in all regions of hippocampus (CA1,CA2,CA3) in groups treated with dose of 75 mg/kg of the alcoholic extract had a significant increase compared to the control group (P The present study shows that the alcoholic extract of the seed of Panicum miliaceum L. plant increases neuronal density and induces neurogenesis in the mouse hippocampus.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the serum level of lactate and glucose with oxygen saturation, maximal heart rate and VO2max in response to L-carnitine during exhaustive exercise in young active men.
In this study, 10 young men (age: 26.4±0.96 years, height: 173.9±9.45 cm and weight: 71.8±5.36 kg) were participated. The subjects performed two sessions of the Bruce test. Serum levels of lactate, glucose, oxygen saturation (%SO2), VO2max, HRmax were recorded before, immediately and 4min after the exhaustive exercise.
The results showed that in the supplement group there was a significant relationship between the serum levels of lactate and VO2max 4min after the termination of the exercise. Also, there was a significant relationship between the serum levels of glucose and %SO2 immediately after the exercise (P According to the results of this study, the L-carnitine supplementation has positive effects on the relationship between serum levels of lactate with VO2max and serum levels of glucose and %SO2 immediately after the exhaustive exercise. So, the L-carnitine supplementation through increasing the exhaustion threshold has a significant effect on aerobic power in performing the intensive exhausting activities.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causes of food poisoning in the world. This pathogen has the ability to create biofilms that can lead to food contamination. The presence of biofilm genes in bacteria is very important. The aim of this study was to identify sticky genes (eno, cna, ebp, bbp) that play an important role in virulence and pathogenicity of the bacteria and even prevent the penetration of antibiotics in pathogenicity time.
A total of 100 samples of fresh milk were collected from live animals and 60 isolates were selected to identify sticky genes (eno, cna, ebp, bbp) in the production of biofilm of S. aureus using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction method. In addition, the frequency rates of S. aureus strains resistant and susceptible to antibiotics such as methicillin, vancomycin, and clindamycin were determined among the samples.
From a total of 60 isolates of fresh milk, 43.4% of the colonies had laminin-binding protein gene or eno gene. Also, 90% of the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, 50% sensitive to clindamycin and 43.4% sensitive to methicillin. Distribution rates of other sticky genes including ebp, cna, bbp were 11.6%, 20% and 25%, respectively. Molecular study results showed that the highest and lowest percentages of genes were related to the eno and bbp genes, respectively.
The present study shows that the maximum sensitivity of the samples (90%) was related to vancomycin and the least amount of sensitivity (43.3%) was related to methicillin.

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the highly antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the world. This bacterium is a cause of endemic and epidemic nosocomial infections and despite many efforts, there is still no effective vaccine agains it. NlpD is one of the important antigenic agents that stimulate the immune system. So, the aim of this study was to examine gene cloning and expression of the nlpD gene of A. baumannii in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells.
In this experimental study, the nlpD gene was amplified from A. baumannii genome using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, the nlpD gene was cloned and sub-cloned in pTZ57R/T and pIRES2-EGFP vectors, respectively. Confirmation of gene cloning was performed by PCR, restriction endonuclease and sequencing methods. The final pIRES2-EGFP-nlpD recombinant vector was transformed into HDF cells using electroporation and the expression of target gene was evaluated by RT-PCR.
In this study, the 831 bp nlpD gene of A. baumannii was amplified successfully. Also, the results of the study showed that the recombinant pIRES2-EGFP-nlpD final construct was produced. Observation of the 831 bp band on agarose gel in transformed cells compared to control cells confirmed the nlpD gene expression in HDF cells.
The final construct that generates in this study can express the nlpD gene of A. baumannii in eukaryotic cells. Successful expression of the target gene can be used as a new recombinant vaccine in animal model. The pIRES2-EGFP-nlpD recombinant vector has also the potential as a gene vaccine for future research.

Breast cancer is the second reason of death in women population all around the world. One out of every eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in Iran. So, finding some clinical markers for prediction of cancer in the early stage is too important. There are many causes for cancer that mutation in the mitochondrial genome is one of the reasons, which had been observed in most breast cancer studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic region of ND4 in patients with breast cancer.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 women with breast cancer and 28 healthy women. DNA was extracted from paraffin blocks, the area mtND4 (11646-11860) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, then the SSCP analysis was used to investigate different conformations between normal and cancer samples. Finally, each sample with different conformation was sequenced.
In this study, the sequence of mtND4 in 24 suspected patients was determined and 15 nucleotide changes were reported. the most variations was related to the G11719A polymorphism site. Other changes included 11803delT, G11717A, C11735T, C11716G, C11702T and A11812G.
The findings of this study show new genetic changes in the mtND4. So, further studies are required to examine the role of these mutations to detect early breast cancer.

Kidney stone disease is one of the most common disorders of urinary tract, manifesting with high clinical and genetic heterogeneity in population. Sestrin 2 is involved in many essential processes, especially oxidative and genotoxic stress. Regarding the importance of oxidative stress pathway deregulation in systemic diseases such as kidney disorders, this study was conducted to investigate the association between rs7526084 3′ downstream polymorphism of the sestrin 2 gene and risk of kidney stone in south Iranian patients.
In this case-control study, 150 patients with kidney stone disease and 180 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals were participated from March to December 2015. Genotyping of the rs7526084 polymorphism was performed using the T-ARMS PCR method.
Frequency of the G allele was higher in controls than in cases, and a reduced risk of the disease was shown in the presence of this allele (OR: 0.66, 95%CI: 0.48-0.91, P=0.01). Also, the risk of the disease was reduced in the presence of heterozygote CG (OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.30-0.80, P=0.004) and homozygote GG (OR: 0.47, 95%CI: 0.23-0.96, P=0.04) genotypes. Under the dominant genetic model for the G allele (GG vs. CC), this allele significantly reduced the risk of the disease (OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.31- 0.78, P= 0.002).
Reduced risk of kidney stone in the presence of the G allele of the sestrin 2 gene polymorphism might provide the evidence in favor of the involvement of the oxidative stress pathway in the pathogenesis of kidney stone disease.

Acinetobacter baumannii are widely distributed pathogens in hospitals. They have the ability to have various mechanisms of resistance. Multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains of A. baumannii have created therapeutic problems worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and detection of blaOXA51 and VEB-1 genes of A. baumannii isolated from clinical specimens in teaching hospital.
A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 124 A. baumannii strains isolated from patients in Beheshti hospital, Kashan, Iran, during 2013-2014. At the species level, the isolates were identified by conventional biochemical tests and then confirmed by the Microgen kit (GNA). An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed for 17 antimicrobial agents according to the CLSI guidelines. Multiple drug resistant was defined as presence of resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics. The presence of blaOXA51 and VEB-1 genes was investigated using the polymerase chain reation.
Acinetobacter baumannii isolates demonstrated the highest resistance to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and cefotaxime. All isolates were sensitive to colistin and polymyxin. All isolates were positive for blaOXA51. Thirty-two isolates (25.8%) were positive for the VEB-1 gene.
This study highlights the high frequency of MDR isolates. The VEB-1 gene, which produces extended spectrum beta lactamase enzymes and inactivates third generation cephalosporins, was positive in more than 25% of the samples.

Bachground: Klebsiella pnomoniae is one of the most important etiologic agents of urinary tract infection (UTI). An increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogenic bacterial isolates has complicated the treatment process. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns and prevalence of the metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme of K. pneumoniae isolates collected from UTI.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with complicated UTI reffered to hospitals in Qom city, Iran. A total of 1807 culture positive samples of pathogens were collected from the patients, among which 457 isolates were K. pneumoniae. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disc-diffusion method recommended by the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2013). In addition, the dubble disk synergy test was used to detect the K. pneumoniae isolates of metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme.
The prevalence of UTI infection due to K. pneumoniae was 25.3%. Among 1807 positive urine cultures, 62.4% were from females and 37.6% from males. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility showed that the highest antibiotic resistance was seen for trimetoprium-sulfametoxazole (98.5%) and the lowest resistance levels were seen for amikacin (9.4%), meropenem (22.8%) and imipenem (25.6%). The results of the imipenem-EDTA combined disk showed that 93.2% imipenem resistance isolates were positive for the metallo-beta- lactamase enzyme.
Carbapenem resistance and production of the metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme in K. pneumoniae uropathogenic are increasing. However, amikacin is still effective against these bacterial infections and its effectiveness should be maintained.