International Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume:8 Issue: 9, Sep 2017

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most commonly sexually transmitted infection in the world and the primary cause of cervical cancer. Canada introduced publicly funded HPV vaccination programs in 2006. The objectives of this study are twofold and aim to (1) determine the levels and (2) examine the various factors influencing vaccine uptake among the general Canadian population. A literature search was conducted on seven databases, followed by screening, methodological quality review (using modifed Newcastle‑Ottawa Scale), and data extraction. Pooled meta‑analysis and a subgroup analysis were conducted stratifying by a number of variables (age, sex, type of program, and method of payment) determined apriori. A total of 718 peer‑reviewed articles were initially identifed with 12 remaining after screening and underwent methodological quality review. HPV vaccination uptake in Canada varied from 12.40% (95% confdence interval [CI] 6.77–20.26) to 88.20% (95% CI 85.72–90.39). The pooled random effects model showed the HPV vaccination uptake to be 55.92% (95% CI 44.87–66.65). The subgroup analysis showed that vaccination uptake was 66.95% (95% CI 55.00–77.89) in participants ≤ 18 years as compared to 13.58% (95% CI 10.93–16.46) in participants > 18 years. Uptake for females was higher 57.23% (95% CI: 45.40– 68.66) when compared to that of 47.01% (95% CI: 0.82–97.75) in males. HPV vaccine uptake among school‑based programs was 69.62% (95% CI 57.27–80.68) as compared to 18.66% (95% CI 6.66–34.92) for community‑based programs. Vaccination uptake for publicly funded programs was signifcantly higher 66.95% (95% CI 55.00–77.89) when compared to 13.58% (95% CI 10.92– 16.46) for programs where participants had to pay out of pocket. To prevent infections and reduce the burden of HPV‑related diseases (including cervical cancer), communities should be made aware and encouraged to vaccinate their children. There is a documented need to direct effort and focus interventions toward improving HPV vaccination uptake in Canada.

Stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases are among the most common causes of death worldwide. Prevention of modifable risk factors is a cost‑effective approach to decrease the risk of stroke. Oxidative stress is regarded as the major flexible operative agent in ischemic brain damage. This review presents recent scientifc advances in understanding the role of carotenoids as antioxidants in lowering stroke risk based on observational studies. We searched Medline using the following terms: (Carotenoids [MeSH] OR Carotenes [tiab] OR Carotene [tiab] OR “lycopene [Supplementary Concept]” [MeSH] OR lycopene [tiab] OR beta‑Carotene [tiab]) AND (stroke [MeSH] OR stroke [tiab] OR “Cerebrovascular Accident” [tiab] OR “Cerebrovascular Apoplexy” [tiab] OR “Brain Vascular Accident” [tiab] OR “Cerebrovascular Stroke” [tiab]) AND (“oxidative stress” [MeSH] OR “oxidative stress”[tiab]). This search considered papers that had been published between 2000 and 2017. Recent studies indicated that high dietary intake of six main carotenoids (i.e., lycopene, ⟨‑ and ‑carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin) was associated with reduced risk of stroke and other cardiovascular outcomes. However, the main mechanism of the action of these nutrients was not identifed, and multiple mechanisms except antioxidant activity were suggested to be involved in the observed benefcial effects. The dietary intake of six major carotenoids should be promoted as this may have a substantial positive effect on stroke prevention and stroke mortality reduction.

Nephrolithiasis is a common health problem across the globe with a prevalence of 15%–20%. Idiopathic hypercalciuria is the most common cause of nephrolithiasis, and calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of stones in idiopathic hypercalciuric patients. Calcium phosphate stones are frequently associated with other diseases such as renal tubular acidosis type 1, urinary tract infections, and hyperparathyroidism. Compared with flat abdominal flm and renal sonography, a noncontrast helical computed tomography scan of the abdomen is the diagnostic procedure of choice for detection of small and radiolucent kidney stones with sensitivity and specifcity of nearly 100%. Stones smaller than 5 mm in diameter often pass the urinary tract system and rarely require surgical interventions. The main risk factors for stone formation are low urine output, high urinary concentrations of calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid compounded by a lower excretion of magnesium and citrate. A complete metabolic workup to identify the risk factors is highly recommended in patients who have passed multiple kidney stones or those with recurrent disease. Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones are treated by the use of thiazide diuretics, allopurinol, and potassium citrate. Strategies to prevent kidney stone recurrence should include the elimination of the identifed risk factors and a dietary regimen low in salt and protein, rich in calcium and magnesium which is coupled with adequate fluid intake.

There is not a valid Persian tool for measuring the decision‑making competency of patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the face and content validity of the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for the treatment of Iranian Persian‑speaking patients.
To assess the validity of the Persian version of the tool, a self‑administrated questionnaire was designed. The Lawshe method was also used for assessing each item. Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used to assess the content validity quantitatively. According to the experts’ judgment, questions with a CVR ≥0.62 and CVR The questions were designed in a manner to achieve the desirable result (CVR ≥0.62). The CVI scale (S‑CVI) and CVI (S‑CVI/Ave) were 0.94 (higher than 0.79). Thus, the content validity was confrmed.
Since capacity assessments are usually based on physician’s subjective judgment, they are likely to bias and therefore, with this suitably validated tool, we can improve judgment of physicians and health‑care providers in out‑ and in‑patient cases.

Obesity in adolescence is the strongest risk factor for obesity in adulthood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention on different anthropometric indices in 12–16‑year‑old boy adolescents after 12 Weeks of Intervention.
A total of 96 male adolescents from two schools participated in this study. The schools were randomly assigned to intervention (53 students) and control school (43 students). Height and weight of students were measured and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body fat percent (BF) and body muscle percent (BM) was assessed using a bioimpedance analyzer considering the age, gender, and height of students at baseline and after intervention. The obesity reduction intervention was implemented in the intervention school based on the Ottawa charter for health promotion.
Twelve weeks of intervention decreased BF percent in the intervention group in comparison with the control group (decreased by 1.81% in the intervention group and increased by 0.39% in the control group, P The result of this study showed that a comprehensive lifestyle intervention decreased the body fat percent in obese adolescents, although these changes was not reflected in the BMI. It is possible that BMI is not a good indicator in assessment of the success of obesity management intervention.

Rates of anal squamous cell carcinoma have increased over recent decades. The aim of this study was to describe characteristics of widely viewed YouTube videos about anal cancer.
A total of 57 videos were identifed and reviewed. Videos were assessed and coded with respect to date uploaded, upload source, gender of presenter, number of views, length in minutes, number of likes and dislikes, and selected aspects of content. Each video was assessed to determine if the sole purpose of the video was to provide information regarding anal cancer or existed to serve another purpose. Content related to anal cancer was categorized.
The mean number of views was 23,548 (range 1014–440,078), and the average length of videos was 8:14 min. The upload source of 57 videos was 19 (33.3%) by consumers, 12 (21.1%) by professional, and 26 (45.6%) by news‑based sources. More than half (n = 30; 52.6%) had the sole purpose of providing information. The most frequently mentioned topics were treatment (n = 25, 43.9%), symptoms (n = 15, 26.3%), encouraging screening, human papillomavirus, and pain, respectively (n = 14, 26.4% for each); only 6 of the 57 videos (10.5%) specifcally mentioned prevention. None of 57 most widely viewed videos were uploaded by any agency of the U.S. Public Health Service or by any other U.S. governmental agency.
It is important for health practitioners to be aware of the type of information available for their patients on the YouTube platform.

Renin‑angiotensin (Ang)‑aldosterone system not only plays a key role in the regulation of circulatory homeostasis, but also it acts as a powerful pro‑inflammatory mediator. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of captopril (Cap), a known Ang‑converting enzyme inhibitor, on inflammation‑induced cardiac fbrosis, and heart oxidative stress status in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced inflammation in male rats.
Fifty male rats were randomly divided into fve groups control, LPS (1 mg/kg/day), LPS Cap 10 mg/kg, LPS Cap 50 mg/kg and LPS Cap 100 mg/kg. After 2 weeks, blood samples were taken, and hearts were harvested for evaluation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‑α), interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) and nitric oxide metabolite in serum and tissue hemogenate, histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome) and oxidative stress status.
Serum IL‑6 and TNF‑α concentration were higher in LPS group compared to control and Cap reduced them, signifcantly. Heart TNF‑α and IL‑6 contents in LPS group were signifcantly higher than control (P Treatment by Cap reduced cardiac fbrosis possibly through improving oxidative stress status, and it can be considered to increase cardiac compliance in this condition.

Very little research and survey have been performed on the occupational health, hazards, and working condition of urban and rural of workers in Qatar. The aim of the current study is to identify the health status, lifestyle condition, working‑related problems, and accidentsexperienced by Indian subcontinental migrants (ISCM) in Qatar and their access to health‑care facilities.
This is a cross‑sectional study based on a representative sample of 1186 workers and study covering sociodemographic characteristics, medical conditions, and health‑seeking behaviors and personal experience.
There were statistically signifcant differences between semi‑urban and urban migrant workers in terms of educational, occupation, income, working hours, and accommodation type (P The current study revealed that there is a lack of insuffcient information for the migrants about their lifestyle, medical conditions, health risks, injury, and rights privilege in relation to legal working condition and health services.

A large number of epidemiological studies from different geographical regions showed a considerable relationship between low birth weight (LBW) and adverse health effects later in life. This study aims to assess the birth weight (BW) as a cardio metabolic risk factor in Iranian adolescents.
This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 12‑year‑old students from different areas of Rasht, North Iran. Data were collected by a questionnaire including variables as birth height, BW, gestational age, blood pressure, and laboratory tests including triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, low‑density lipoprotein‑cholesterol (LDL‑C), high‑density lipoprotein‑cholesterol (HDL‑C), and insulin level. Data were analyzed using t‑test, Chi‑square, and Pearson correlation coeffcient.
Overall, 858 adolescents participated in this study. Results showed signifcant correlation between BW and abdominal circumference, hip circumference, total cholesterol, TG, HDL‑C and LDL‑C (P = 0.064, 0.194, 0.224, 0.017, and 0.017, respectively).
The study fndings on the correlation between BW and cardio metabolic factors might serve as confrmatory evidence on the association of LBW with future cardio metabolic disorders.