فصلنامه جغرافیا (برنامه ریزی منطقه ای)
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 26، بهار 1396)

Rural housing provides physical and mental welfare of rural people, there is also a certain coordination and coherence with the rural lifestyle and function. Currently, transformations and physical changes in rural areas do not match with culture and economy of the settlement centers, and these developments, in addition to economic and social incompatibilities in villages, has provided changes in biological function spaces. One of the factors affecting in changing rural housing is giving retrofitting and renovation housing credits. In this study investigated the effects of the credit to the livelihoods of rural households. Research Methodology is descriptive - analytic, and data collection method used in the study is “library and field method” (questionnaires, interviews and observation). Data analysis is descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired T-test and Wilcoxon test). The statistical population is 811 households receiving credit. According Cochran formula, were selected 231 households, as the sample size. Findings show that there is a significant difference between the livelihoods and before and after receiving the retrofitting of housing credits. Also the results show that decreased all dimensions of livelihoods of rural households receiving retrofitting of housing credits, except the physical dimension (with value t: -2.276) at the time of receiving the credits.

Since the middle of 1980s to today more attention of urban management has been attracted to local capacity, organizational and institutional development and consequently movement from centralized management to local management. So, it is necessary to "Using neighborhood capacity" and "Redefining the role of citizens and actors of urban management" in urban areas and also understanding of "Participatory Planning" and its functions at local levels, and is helped to formation and implementation of new pattern of urban management at districts level as management based on neighborhood. This paper aims to answer this question that how could obtain to optimal and stable management of urban districts by participatory planning approach? To answer this question, librarian (documental) and field (survey) data collecting methods was used, that in librarian method using plug research and in field method using questionnaire tool as Likert Spectrum, required information was collected. Statistical society of this study based on Cochran Formula was in Zafaraniyeh, Velenjak, Dezashib, Golaabdare and Emamzadeh Ghasem that was choosed random. Field data was collected after simplify and classification and coding, introduced to SPSS and then using descriptive statistics (average, variance, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, T test one sample) analyses data and answered to research question. Results from field observation and statistical tests shows that there is relation between people participatory and urban management based on neighborhood and by interfering of people in make decisions, feasible and stable management of urban area will obtain.

The sharp rise in urban population of the world, especially in developing countries in recent decades, caused prime city in them. Iran, as one of the developing countries, in recent decades, particularly from 1345 onwards, has balanced out of the trend. The aim of this paper is to analyze the situation and the pattern of urban systems in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, during the years 1335 to 1390. The research methodology is analytical, library and documentary method of data collection.. Models used in this study include: the first indicator of a city, city index, the index of a fourcity, four-city index Mehta, MoMA and Alvesaby index, the Herfindahl concentration index, dispersion index and Henderson Entropy Coefficient. In order to do data analysis, EXCEL software; & to map the study area ARC GIS9.3 software is used. The findings of this study manifest that in the temporal period of the studied population settlement in urban centers are not balanced and are of homogeneous distribution. In the cities of Yasuj, Gachsaran and Dehdasht, the urban systems were almost stable, and the other cities of the province are far beyond these cities, in the matter of population. The prime city of Yasuj has overtaken the rest of the cities over time, and urban network is heading toward instability.

Desertification as a great problems affect most of the countries in the world especially developing countries. Desertification phenomenon that occurs in arid, semiarid and semi-wet regions will reduce the land potential. For evaluation and mapping of desertification many researches have been conducted leading to regional and local models. From among the many methods of identification of areas susceptible to desertification the Modified Iranian Classification of Desertification (MICD) was chosen. Based upon MICD the map for the present status of desertification for Roudab Sabzevar area with an area of 64900.14 ha was prepared. In this research, at first by combining information from topographic and geologic maps, satellite images and field survey, the area was divided into 10 geomorphological facies, each of which was considered as the main unit for evaluation of desertification. That, through it the working units of this region were prepared as the base map for evaluating to consider the factors and indices by geomorphology method. Also, in order to prepare the desertification intensity condition of this region, the desertification intensity of various applications was determined and relative plans to current desertification of each land use were prepared after evaluating wind erosion indices and accumulating their scores for each working unit based on reference tables. The results indicate that the studied region is divided into the two following classes: 1- high desertification intensity class, of 10900.93 ha (% 65.77) area. 2- Low desertification intensity class, with an expansion of 10255.24 ha (%6.17) area.

Rural areas are vulnerable in the face of natural hazards. Therefore, it is important to
manage natural hazards. Social capital is very important in the management of natural
hazards. Social capital plays an important role in mobilizing the villagers to deal with
natural hazards. So social capital is the ability to form and maintain relationships. This
is to facilitate the achievement of the objectives through the development of
communication and cooperation as the central point in local development. Therefore,
this article examines the role of social capital in local risk management in Kermanshah
Mahidasht District. Investigative method was quantitative survey and a questionnaire
was used to collect information. Average reliability was calculated through Cronbachs
alpha coefficient and it was equal to 0.75 and validity was approved by the experts
geography. Statistical society calculated by Cochran method. Sampling method was
simple random sampling. Rural population includes people. It includes 84 people in
Mahidasht Kermanshah. In this paper, we study social capital and its role on natural
hazard management. This paper shows that trust component is important factors in
hazard management. This paper shows that corporation is high among villagers. They
help together in disasters time. Institutions have important role in hazard management.
This paper shows that there are relationship among trust, corporation, institution,
knowledge and social solidarity in 0.05 levels. This paper shows by regression that
Social solidity is most important role in the management of natural hazards in
component of social capital. The next stage is confidence and awareness. Local
institutions play a minimal role. This suggests that successfully cope with natural
hazards depends largely on external factors internal factors within the village.

Equality in distribution of health facilities is the main indicator for increasing the availability of the facilities to the society. The aim of this study was to classify Fars province towns in health structural indicators using The combination of multi-criteria decision is made. The basic problem is that the level of development or deprivation of Fars province in a health care facility is not clear, and this article seeks to determine the exact position of the city is a little ways. This was a descriptive cross sectional study that used 28 health structural indicators in the towns of Fars province. Data was collected from statistical yearbook. Data analysis was done using VIKOR techniques, TOPSIS, SAW and Copland, as well as Shannon's entropy method was conducted with the help of GIS software. There is large gap between townships of Fars province in terms of enjoyment of structural indicators of health services. City of Shiraz and Kawar, respectively, the most developed and most disadvantaged province city of the indicators are studied. According to the results, In order to improve less developed indicators and decrease differences in enjoyment of health services indicators among townships, it is proposed that development-oriented planning must be carried out appropriately in these townships.

According to the reports and statistics given by the World Organization of Tourism,
today tourism has become one of the most popular and widely practiced economic
activities. It is considered as a major source of income in more than 150 countries. In
this regard, the activities related to hospitality and catering of tourists make up an
essential part of the tourism economy with a great potential to create employment and
income, especially in rural areas. Due to this important issues and positive effects of
tourism activities on the economy and life the less advantaged, knowing the capacity
of tourist areas is necessary to organize activities and tourist places possible in order to
increase the satisfaction of tourists, and more economic feasibility for the host
community as well the protection of ecosystems. Thus, the study aim is to identify the
permitted areas of opportunity in Golmakan, Chenaran city as a recreational resort
around the city in order to establish permanent and temporary tourism residence. The
research method is descriptive - analytical and applied, done through documentary and
field study. To analyze the data, hierarchical model (AHP) and GIS software is used.
In hierarchical moded (AHP), the factors that influence zoning were obtained by
related experts and then weighed, and in the end, standards (layers) obtained were
combined according to the weight of each criterion by overlay functions in GIS
software. Each zone score was obtained with respect to the factors and weights. The
findings show that the proposed criteria are majorly based on natural beauties of the
region. Accordingly, the regions in Golmakan to accommodate and establish tourism
settlements can be divided into prohibited, conditional and permitted. This research
showed that there are only 17% of the allowed zones with high potential for the
establishment of residential centers that should be considered for investment and
construction of the facility.

This study aims to improve the quality of input and edges of Shahid Kazemi Highway of Tehran with emphasis on Islamic values _ Iranian that this aim according to documents outreach plan and sustainability criteria in planning and design compliance with Urban, causing to cut the physical development of cities, stay away from nature and diplomatic relations between man and the natural environment. The purpose and the methodology of this study is descriptive-analytic. In this study in beginning to explores the definitions and concepts of urban landscape and research objectives and moving observer and its perception with the aim of extracting criteria and indicators associated with the city's entry points that this results determine with their main criteria and indicators. After extraction variables and related standards, understanding the visual qualities done with field data and photos taken from the site that they are to be reviewed. This study on the key highway entrance edge of Shahid Kazemi Highway in Tehran's 19th District. In the field of data analysis, after identifying variables upon this district, Feasibility through aerial photos and production map and in this way the analysis was conducted. Finally, the recommendations in this regard have been raised based on analysis of the position of the target range based on variables.

The aim of this study Assess the satisfaction level of tourists from the security services-tourism and Identify areas to improve and expand its services in the coastal cities of Mazandaran province the population consists of all domestic and foreign tourists are Mazandaran province in 1395. Which uses a Kerjeisi & Morgan sample size table, were 384 tourism were selected by random sampling Applied research method is used in this survey, A researcher-made questionnaire was user to collect the required data. Content validity was performed using the method,The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha, Analysis of data from one sample t test, multivariate linear regression and Friedman rank test was used, The findings based on t-test showed that tourists from services provided in the areas of security and tourism are satisfied, The results of multiple linear regressionA significant component of any access quality tourism services with a beta coefficient of./164 Tourist attractions with a value of./ 179 Quality and number of hotels and restaurants with a coefficient of./103 Social security with a value of./175 And the psychological security of a value of./199 Has confirmed. According to Friedman test regard to issues of health, creation of free trade zone, use ads to introduce tourist attractions, development banks and facilitate the transport of the most important areas of growth and development of tourism in the coastal towns of Mazandaran province.

One of sociology's original and most fundamental questions is: how does the city shape social life? The answer provided by urban political economy is: as a mechanism in the accumulation of wealth, with all the power and inequality that results. “Political economy” generally refers to the scholarly paradigm that examines how material processes of production and exchange shape and are shaped by decisions made in economic and political institutions; with “urban,” this concern centers around material production of and within cities. Since the 1970s, urban political economy has influenced the field of urban sociology, bringing insights from other disciplines – particularly social geography (with its conceptualization of social space and place) and political science (the focus on government and law) – while retaining sociology's social constructionist framework. Sociology provides an especially hospitable discipline for urban political economy's investigation of the ways in which the city's economic and political relations cohere and evolve across institutional, legal, and territorial domains. Geopolitical Management of Space is a comprehensive and methodological totality from the composition of management capacities and comprehensive geographical indicators.

The use of satellite imagery can be a very useful tool to describe the
interrelationships between the human environment and the natural environment to help
planners make decisions in complex situations. The process of urban development of
cities is one of the basic needs in management and evaluation. In addition, amount of
growth of cities, the study of changes amount and land use destruction in past years,
and predict these changes in the coming years can help in the correct management and
planning to solve the current problems and future development planning program. In
this regard, this study tends to using Satellite imagery Landsat Tm in 1988 and
Satellite imagery of LandSat ETM in 20011 to assess the physical growth and in order
to expansion of Ardabil. This study is consistent with periods before and after political
centrality of Ardabil. For this order after the satellite image processing, the images
were classified using maximum likelihood method and finally in geographic
information system (GIS) by applying changes function were obtain land use changes.
According to the conducted investigations it was concluded that physical growth of
Ardabil after the political centrality has taken great acceleration, and during the
physical growth of the city, agricultural land around the city has gone under
construction in the city.

Physical texture of Iranian villages of architectural value, a visual and aesthetic patterns, adapt to the natural environment, aligning performance, bio, living, use of materials and indigenous knowledge. In the meantime, Physical texture of some villages in the country due to the specific characteristics of architecture, history and culture as a precious heritage left by our ancestors is instead the one hand and maintaining them is of great importance and This practical research was descriptiveanalytical explanation and review it.For data collection, library research and field studies have been used. Field studies, through design and questionnaires completed by two groups of villagers (262 people) and tourism (106) Abyaneh, Yasee Chay. Taree and Sar Aqa Seyyed villages was randomly selected and was conducted using chisquare test the variance analysis has been conducted to analyze the information. The present results suggest that tissue conditioners valuable role in the development of rural tourism tress two villages and the village of Abyaneh and Yasee Chay two or Taree and Sar Aqa Seyyed and in which there has been improvement.

Environmental power refers to a set of environmental abilities and readiness which exist in the social – natural and economic environmental .this power consists of the ground shope the direction flow of water soil type and vegatotive and also demographic featurs in terms of qvalitative population characteristics and its activity qvality of spatial socially distribution and also playing a livelihood role by the social groups in the ambient contex , the qvality of spatial organization of this livelihood role and the economic environment. The aimof the present paper is to set the relations among the man, environment and his activities to the field of tourism related to the subject under study, so that economic social and ecologic activities can caves the spatial location organization and development or in the other word, the sustainable development of the rigion. It can play a considerable role in the improvement of the region”s sustional development. The research method of the article includes the region under stady, and also field operetion. After collecting date, the AHP model was used to analyze the date collected, and the indexes too. The results from the AHP model indicated that the soil factor with the relative weight 0/18, the tilt factor with the velative weight 0/15 and the under ground water with the velative weight 0/14 play the most important role in the development of villages located in dylaman section. After the environmental factors mentioned the factors of climate and load use with the relative weights 0/13, 0/12 respectively have the im \portant roles. These factors can be effective in the improvement of the rural tourism, directly and indirectly. They can attract or repulse the tourists.

Syria's 2011 crisis is one of the crises that at that the most important regional and global actors are playing role. The purpose of this article is analyze and compare the geopolitical goals of Russia and the United States in the 2011 Syria crisis emphasizing the security of Israel and the regional role of Iran. Accountability the main question we are looking for it’s considering the two variables of Israel's security and the regional role of Iran what are the most important geopolitical goals of Russia and the US in the Syrian crisis? In addition to the main question other sub-questions are also raised in this article including what is the history and frontiers of Syria's 2011 crisis? What are the reasons for the Middle East for the superpowers of America and Russia? What is the significance of Iran and Israel in the geopolitical goals of Russia and the United States in the Syrian crisis? The results of this article show that Russia and America each one have long geopolitical goals in the Middle East and in this direction among the variables that directly and indirectly affect these goals are the regional role of Iran and the security of Israel. This research method is a descriptive-analytical and in terms of purpose is applied where the effort will be using scientific and research papers and other library resources to analyze and compare the geopolitical goals of Russia and America in the 2011 Syria Crisis with emphasis on Israel's security and the regional role of Iran.

The purpose of this research was to present a conceptual framework for entrepreneurship development in national tourism industry. Methodology was a systematic, development qualitative research. Research population included human division (experts) as well as information sources (scientific sources plus documents) in the field of sports tourism. There were two instruments containing the library study and interview. Research validity was confirmed through the qualitative validation based on the expert's opinions. The coding method was applied to define the framework of course of action. The defined framework was composed of environmental and institutional incentives, development management and structure, attitude, entrepreneurship culture and behavior, development resources provisioning, entrepreneurship system, and grounds, opportunities and outcomes of entrepreneurship development in sports tourism. The relationship between the perspectives was conducted by three effects of precedents, processes, and consequences focused on depicting the outstanding effect. Moreover, with regards to perspectives, challenges and courses of action were examined. According to results, to develop entrepreneurship in sports tourism, it is offered to consider the strategic actions and decisions classified by mentioned perspectives as well as prediction of their relations. The general approach is to leverage the entrepreneurship opportunities and consequences in sports tourism industry focused on environmental basis, sports tourism resources, management, culturalization and innovation.

Urban damaged area affected by rapid modernization, Undecided non-indigenous population rather than the indigenous population has turned to urban life, In addition to creating an unpleasant physical environment, social environment created unsustainable For this reason, the urban fabric renewal is one of the key issues in the field of Urban Development This study seeks to distressed areas located in district 14 in Tehran With the use of social and spatial recognition and application capabilities and improve its physical and its modernization And provide reasonable guidelines in distressed areas studied, accelerate the renovation cause The study area in immigrant communities with different cultures, to deposit taken The combination of tribal, social cohesion have kept them up to date. This has led to burnout, despite the context, Biological value and its location relatively preserved. Results of this research is descriptive - analytical and Using expert judgment and using field survey data obtained from the swot analysis, Shows that the correlation between social and physical weakness, undermining and erosion of the social fabric - provides physical This feature recognition and their application in the formulation of strategies and plans of the proposed regulation Does not come too reasonable to intervene in the process of rehabilitation and reconstruction of old ones now provides.

The main aim of this study is to assess the satisfaction level of rural residents about the performance of managers local in Somesara. It is a descriptive and analytical study utilizes a library studies, documentary and field observations and questionnaires. The population consists of the entire Somesara city and the sample size has been selected based on Morgan table and stratified random method. The results indicated that local managers managers can have an influence on rural development by doing his constitutional duties and the rural residents believed that it is necessary to form local management or Council in the development of the village. They expressed there is a need for establishment of local management in terms of economic, social, cultural cases. Most respondents believe that local managers have been successful in their performance and are satisfied with them. They have stated the village managers have a great performance in the social and cultural fields and have a significant role in the development of Somesara's villages. They also explained that the managers have done very well in areas such as development and trade and business in rural areas, people returned to the village and stop immigration, expansion of service activities and they have involved highly in rural development. In fact, most areas which the managers have contributed to are economic, social and cultural dimension and physical space. Most respondents believe that managers have encouraged people to participate in different affairs and have been able to overcome the problems in the Somesara and argue that the local leaders have a great ability to solve problems in this city.

Today, the relationship between urban management and citizenship is one of the most important issues discussed in the field of urban management. Cities are the residential centers which require human forces at political and social area to play multiple roles. Assigning roles to various people at urban area including government, public, civil and social organizations create mutual commitments for the citizens and administrators to meet the civil rights at national and local level. City councils are the civil organizations of the government, the task of which is to meet the civil rights at city and state level. Accordingly, the present study examines and analyzes the performance of city councils to meet civil rights. This is an applied descriptiveanalytical study. Data were collected based on document and filed-based survey method using a questionnaire. Population of the study included 150 of employees working at city councils and 384 of citizens at Tehran. SPSS software was used to perform descriptive and inferential statistics applying t-test and correlational regression. Findings of the study indicated that citizens rated the performance of city councils as low due to lack of proper monitoring mechanisms on civil affairs and civil rights. Results of correlation using regression indicated that the performance of civil council had the highest effect on social rights, civil rights (negative and reverse) and finally political rights (positive) among other civil right factors. Therefore, providing proper mechanism to meet the aforementioned factors at city councils of Tehran would contribute to better role playing of the organization to meet the civil rights of the citizens and improve the life quality of citizens at Tehran.

After a period of effort for controlling mongolians behavior and domesticating the majority tribe of Iranian statesmen, the ministers of Ilkhanid era by encouragement muslim Ilkhans to creat extend reformation,opened fields of prosperity in economic and urbanism . This essay has a question that Iranian thoughts in development approach of ministers of Muslim Ilkhanid era had what position. It is believed that information about the importance and security and justice, the harmony between society relation and government, the necessity of governor’s attention to peoples livelihood and effort of improvement and development in Iranian thoughts, made him do extensive reformation in Ilkhanid organization in Muslim era. Thus, Iranian ministers in this era by creating economic and social development in the field of entrepreneurship have opened a window into the structure of society to systematically lead the Ilkhanid era.

Every society tries to develop, since development is an end that most people find it necessary. Providing a background to make use of different economical welfare and fundamental services, some social, cultural and health facilities are among the most basis planning in each planning department especially among town. The current research aims at determining the development level of economical, education, medical and fundamental indicator of cities in North Khorasan province. This research is the applied type and method of research is descriptive analytical and data gathering method was done using two Library and field study. In order to rank the cities in North Khorasan province. Based on development according to economical, educational, cultural, health – medical and fundamental criteria ,TOPSIS ranking model and Excel and SPSS software were used and geographical information system (GIS)was applied to design and draw the maps. The results of the study showed that according to the economic indicator, the most developed city was Esfarayen and the least developed cities were Mane & Samalghan among the cities in North Khorasan province. According to cultural – educational indicator the most developed city was Grame and the least developed one was Bojnourd. according to the health- medical indicator, the most developed city was Bojnourd and the least ones were Mane & Samalghan and finally according to fundamental indicator, Shirvan was the most developed and Mane &Samalghan were the least developed town among the towns in North Khorasan province.