نشریه علوم محیطی
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 41، پاییز 1392)

In order to have a sustainable agriculture it is necessary to use environmental friendly inputs to improve ecological aspects of environment. Basil is a medicinal and vegetable crop which is cultivated in different parts of the world. Accordingly, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in Agriculture Faculty of Birjand University as a completely randomized design based on factorial arrangement in four replicates in 2011. In order to study the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on plant of basil plant an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, Birjand University in 2011.It was based on factorial experiment in randomized complete design with 15 treatments and 4 replications. The first factor was three levels of biological fertilizer, including:control (M0= no inoculation) biological compound fertilizer No.1 (M1 =Pseudomonas41+ Azospirillum+ Azotobacter) and the biological fertilizer composed of No.2 (M2= Pseudomonas187+ Azospirillum+ Azotobacter). The second factor was chemical fertilizer including Nitrogen [N0=0, N1=45, N2=90, N3=135, N4=180 mg.kg-1], Potassium [P0=0, P1=20, P2=40, P3=60, P4=80 mg.kg-1] and Phosphorus [P0=0, P1=20, P2=40, P3=60, P4=80 mg.kg-1], including 5 levels: Contorl, N1P1K1, N2P2K2, N3P3K3, N4P4K4.quantity indicators including (height, fresh leaf weight per plant, dry stem weight per plant,) and quality indices including (N, P and K concentrations). The results of analysis of variance showed the main effects of biological and chemical fertilizers (NPK) on the characteristics was significant (P<0.01). Interaction of biological and chemical fertilizers on the, fresh leaf weight per plant and nitrogen amount in basil leave was significant (P<0.05). There was positive and synergistic interaction between PGPR inoculation and chemical fertilizers on N concentration as the highest and lowest N concentration percentage in herb were obtained in treatments of P41AA+N3P3K3 (3.31) and Contorl (2.39), respectively. The highest concentrations of P and K in leaf were obtained with application of N3P3K3.It is concluded thatapplication of biofertilizers enhanced quantitative and qualitative characteristics in this plant.Generally, it seems that using of biofertilizers could improve basil performance inaddition toreduction of environmental pollution.

In this study, the optimal ratio of nitrate to phosphate in the lab scale phytoremediation by two species of Pampas Grass and Bamboo Vtlndy using synthetic sewage was determined. After initial experiments, optimal retention time of 8 days was determined and on this basis, the study was continued. All results at each stage were examined using T-test analysis. The results showed that in the maximum error of 5%, maximum removal of 84.45 and 54.33 percent in Pampas Grass and bamboo were occurred in nitrate to phosphate ratio of 50:50 and 25:25, respectively while the total amount of pollutants were removed in the ratio of 100:100 and the rate of 2.67 and 1.82 gr/kg based on dry weight, respectively using Pampas Grass and bamboo. The results showed that in the range of 5 percent error level, the rate of removal and absorption of Pampas Grass was higher than bamboo.

The objective of this paper is to estimate macroeconomic impacts of fossil fuel combustion and associated carbon dioxide emissions, in order to evaluate economic costs of policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) method, long-term elasticity’s of macroeconomic variables such as production, investment and employment to the different types of fossil fuels consumption are calculated. Since the carbon dioxide emissions are related to the amount of fossil fuel consumed, our estimates of marginal variation and long-run elasticity’s of macroeconomic variables were applied to calculate the potential economic costs or welfare loss for carbon dioxide emissions. The results show that energy consumption in long term has a positive impact on production, investment, employment and labor productivity. Long-run elasticity of output, investment and employment with respect to energy consumtion are .26, 1.22 and .02 respectively. Increase of one million tons of total energy consumption in the long run will lead to changes in GDP and investment by 323.9 and 216.1 billion Rails respectively and also changes in employment by 550 jobs. The economic cost (welfare loss) per ton of carbon dioxide emissions to the overall energy consumption estimated as 9.78 million Rails and the lowest cost are related to the gas consumption. Therefore, switching the use of other fossil fuels toward gas (switching consumption policy) has the lowest economic cost. The results also show that due to a high economic dependence on fossil fuels, the potential economic costs of carbon dioxide abatement are some higher than some other countries and the world average, So targeting the carbon dioxide abatement as much as 10, 25 and 70 percent will lead to the reduction in economic growth as much as .7, 1.9 and 3.9 percent respectively.

Landfill siting is a complicated landuse planning task. For optimized site selection, several environmental, technical, economical and socio-cultural criteria must be considered. This study presents a method for landfill site selection based on using the multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and geographic information system (GIS) combined with related experts opinions. The proposed method was then tested for siting of Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in Marvdasht. In the intelligence stage of the decision making, based on sampling and questionnaire results of 40 experts in MSW domain, some evaluation criteria were determined. Suitable maps were then obtained and digitized to make a GIS database of the study area. In decision making design step, two stages were employed. In the first stage, 13 constraints based on Iran’s environmental protection organization were determined. The Boolean map of spatial constraint was obtained with AND operation. In the second stage, the suitable site that was obtained in the first-stage analysis was evaluated in details based on 16 factors. The criteria were standardized and then the relative importance weight of them was estimated with rank ordering method based on different expert’s opinions. The obtained results of firs step indicated that only 11.12 percent of the whole region is suitable for landfill siting. Therefore, shortage of land is an important limiting factor in the study area. The obtained results of second step indicated that almost 4.4 percent of the whole region can be considered as best suitable place for landfill site.

Hospitals are one of the sources generation of waste in cities much of the waste produce is hazardous waste. Control do not hospital waste effect have the health patients and health personnel and other people society and cause environmental pollution. Based on this search, studied was hospital waste status of Bandar Abbas city, as one of cities with a growing population and permits immigration. In order to provide a strategic plan for hospital waste management Bandar Abbas, initially using experts method determined and classified was internal and external factors in implementing SWOT method. The analysis of these factors using of A'WOT method (a combination of SWOT and AHP methods) is a multi-criteria decision techniques (MCDM) in the field of environment. After identifying the factors influencing the management of hospital waste, in order to develop a strategic plan, determined were weight of each factor through the Analytical Hierarchy Process with inconsistency rate 0.01. Continue analysis and formulation of strategies withformation Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix called was QSPM. The survey conducted, calculated was rated internal matrix (IFE) 3.16 and rated external matrix (EFE) 3.06. In this study, the study area were within SO or competitive position. Also according to Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) given the best strategy among the options available under attitude attractive is alternative expand green space and reduce pollution from incinerators with a score of 5.95. For improve the environmental hospital waste management proposed were the use of warning labels, neighborhood gathering local wastes with place chamber of the waste incinerators and expand green space in the surrounding area, embedded devices sterilization and investigate other methods of waste disposal.

Two RCD factorial experiments were carried out to evaluate the ability of two aquatic plants including watercress and pennyroyal to biosorption of lead and cadmium from polluted water in hydroponic conditions. First factor was plant species (watercress and pennyroyal) and second factor was consist of lead (50, 100, 150 mg/L) and cadmium (3, 6, 9 mg/L) in first and second experiment respectively. Root and shoot of both plants dried in an electric oven at 48hrs and 50 ○C after 14 days. 0.2 gr of plant powdered samples used for assessment of lead and cadmium accumulation by atomic absorption The highest lead accumulation in roots of pennyroyal and watercress was obtained by concentrations of 150 and 100 mg/L in (185348 and 3261 mg/kg dry weight respectively). The highest lead accumulation in pennyroyal and watercress shoots was 295.5 and 201.5 mg/kg respectively. Low translocation factors in both plants (lead 0.06 and 0.002 respectively and cadmium 0.4 and 0.004 respectively) mean less transport of metal to shoots and more accumulation of them in root consequently. There is a privilege characteristic because harvest of aquatic plants and root/shoot separation is easy.

In this study, thermal springs from central region of Mazandaran province including Ab-e Ask, Larijan, Astarabaku and Lavij (Moosavi-e Lavij and Fil-e Lavij) were evaluated environmentally. Although the studied thermal waters are used directly or indirectly for treatment purposes, the high concentration of some trace elements can be harmful to human health and environment. In this study, general characteristics of thermal waters as well as As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Mg, Zn, Mo, V and Co concentrations in thermal waters and surrounding soils and rocks were measured and their environmental significances were evaluated. As a result, it was revealed that As concentration in water and soil of the studied region was more than the upper limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In all water samples except for Larijan spring, Pb content was more than allowed levels recommended by WHO. Concentration of other trace elements in thermal springs was less than the upper limits recommended by WHO, consequently they had not harmful environmental impact. As content of soil samples around the Ab-e Ask, Astarabaku and Larijan springs were less than the allowed levels, but was higher than allowed limits in Ab-e Ask travertine. Concentration of other trace elements in studied soil samples was lower than allowed levels recommended by WHO.

The rapidly expanding urban areas of the world constitute an environmental challenge for the 21st century that requires both new analytic approaches and new sources of data and information. Ecological Planning with multi-criteria decision making is a process that evaluates the alternative land uses in relation to its environmental and socioeconomic surroundings, with the purpose of manage the natural resources, preserve the ecosystems and solve or diminish possible environmental conicts. The objective of this research is to determine an ecological capability of urban development by using Fuzzy Logic Model (FLM) in GIS and IDRISI environments for the south zone of Centeral Alborz. This evaluation incorporated ecological factors in the region, such as physical factors (Topography, Elevation, Slope, Soil, Geology, Precipitation, Temperature) and biological factors (Vegetation density and Conservation areas) affecting in urban development land use. First, Urban land-use was categorized according to the classes of ecological word model in Iran, such as suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable. Then, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) was performed to evaluate ecological suitability of the development for each class, according to appropriately measured and weighted factors and a suitability map for the classes was developed using an algorithm that combines factors in the integrated fuzzy method of Weighted Linear Combination- Analytical Hierarchy Process (WLC-AHP). The results indicated that MCDM with FLM has high functionality for environmental evaluation of urban development .

Urban Parks can improve the quality of urban environment and promote the level of citizen’s welfare due to their environmental, economic and social roles and functions. The geographical location anddistribution of parksamong other land-uses within the city therefore, are seen with great importance in terms of their accessibility and affordability for the citizens, social justice, and urban planning purposes as well. The objective of this research is to develop a model to analyze the land suitability for dedicating to urban parks through a spatial-geographical study. GIS and FAHP were used to undertake the study objective in three stages. Firstly, a review of the literature led to the formulation of the urban parks importance for the quality of life and urban environment. Secondly, the major factors influencing the identification of suitable locations for urban parks were identified using Expert Choice and Delphi methods. And thirdly, through an analytical model, three scenarios are offered based on three criteria: 1) accessibility of the land, 2) land value, and 3) population density. Finally the most suitable locations for urban parks, identified through overlaying scenarios. The findings of the research demonstrate that 2.3% (82.4 ha) of the lands are suitable, 11.5% (423.8 ha) are relatively suitable, and 86.2% are unsuitable for allocation to the urban parks in the Sanandaj City.

In this research residues concentration relationship of 3 organophosphorus pesticides and 11 organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment in different seasons in the Siahrud River from Qaemshahr (Mazandaran, Iran) were studied. Water and sediment from Qaemshahr Siahrud River was sampled from 7 stations in 3 seasons and the concentration of pesticides was measured by GC/ECD device. Water samples with a concentration of DDTs from the LOD to 0.050 μgr/l and cyclodiene from the LOD to 0.020 μgr/l and HCH from the LOD to 0.78 μgr/l and organophosphorus pesticides to 1.86 μgr/l and sediment samples DDT from LOD to 0.080 μg/g dw and cyclodiene to 0.04 HCH to 0.17 μg/g dw and organophosphorus pesticides was to 3.29 μg/g. Effect of seasons on the concentration of pesticides in water and sediment showed the highest concentration for all pesticides in summer and all water and sediment samples at all stations and in three seasons. Organophosphorus concentrations were higher due to high current consumption and very low their half-life in the water. The sediment is causing enormous difference in the concentration of pesticides in the summer with a concentration in autumn and spring.

In recent decades different countries strictly adopt green view in their basic policy making. It is clear that any success in this course needs to change public approach of all in society. Any changing in patterns of treatment of nature needs legal organizing of participation and needs trying of all sovereignty powers in institutionalizing of environmental participation. The need for this important topic properly advised to member states in international conventions. The legal system of Islamic republic of Iran predicts some capacities for protection of environmental participation by three branches. The subject of this research is protection of environmental participation principle in the light of executive approach of Islamic republic of Iran.

The Poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) are one of the most important kinds of pollutants that go through the marine ecosystems mains via anthropogenic activities (oil sources such as oil spills). One important practical method for oil pollution elimination is the use of microorganisms in biodegradation. Biosurfactant production by microorganism’s result in increase of biodegradation via increase of their solubility in liquid phase. However, this ability to all microorganism’s. To comparison growth and biosurfactant production ability of bacteria presented in contamination deposits of musa creek, the deposit sample was taken from polluted area. Two bacteria species AD2 and AD6 were purified and isolated. The isolates were identified as Psedomonas stutzeri and Alcaligenes denitrificans with morphological and biochemical tests. To intent of bacterial growth assay optical density were measured in 600 nm by spectrophotometer. Biosurfactant evaluations were performed by Blood agar, Drop collapse and Oil spread methods. Psedomonas stutzeri showed biosurfactant production potentials. According to results, Psedomonas stutzeri has a good growth in the media containing Antheracene as sole source of carbon and energy. also data demonstrated that the growth of biosurfactant producing bacteria(Psedomonas stutzeri) was better than Alcaligenes denitrificans due to increase of Antheracene solubility and enhance at its bioavailability in the media.