فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 27 (بهار 1396)

Repetition in poetry is one of the most important techniques technique in stylistics. The poets have long been aware of the importance of creating works of art and its impact on the reader. Undoubtedly, repetition is closely related to the author of the text; the author attempts to visualize his ideas and feelings through this technique. Each recurrence, based on the nature of the text, implies different mental and emotional implications. Repetition is one of the techniques that influences internal music of the text. Sometimes poets use musical repetition with poetic motives to increase the rhythm and music of the text. This kind of repetition has a special place in the poetry of Harun Hashem Rashid, a contemporary Palestinian poet, and has emotional aspects to it, in which the rhythm harmonizes with its psychological and emotional dimension. In this article, based on the descriptive-analytical method, the technique of repetition in the Divan of “A Flower on Qods’s Forhead” is examined. With the reading of this divan, a variety of geometric repetitions are revealed, such as repetitions of words and sentences, each of which presents a specific dimension and effective aspects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mental and emotional feelings of this type of musical repetition. The findings show that repetition in this collection of poems has a special place and emphasizes the importance of the repeating element and its effect on the feelings of the reader. Musical repetition in the Divan reflects the inner feelings of the poet and his pain, as well as the relation between the musical dimension of the text and its meaning.

Irony is a western expression derived from the ancient Greece, which has been introduced through translation into Arabic language and literature in the contemporary period. Irony may be divided into categories and verbal irony is one of them. In this literary device, the writer says something but means something else. The approach of the writer is to use inversion with humor. Tawfiq al-Hakim is one of the most famous contemporary Arabic playwrights who in most of his plays deals with an uncanny intelligence on a variety of social and cultural issues, the discrepancies and uncertainties in societies. Tawfik al-Hakim is a prominent Egyptian writer and one of the pioneers in the Arabic novel and drama. This article examines his most important plays from the perspective of verbal irony to reveal their content. The result shows that the author has used verbal irony in most of his plays, and secondly, through this approach he narrates the problem of human communities.

In the contemporary era, poet use vague and indirect speech due to complexity of poetic concepts and use devices such as mask. Mask is a technique which has ambiguity in itself. This technique which is mostly based on the use of historical figures is used to express views or denounce the shortcomings of the time. Structurally, the mask is to a large extent related to symbol and myth and elements of drama including internal dialogue. Abdulaziz Al-Maqaleh used this technique in order to make the people of his own land aware of the oppressive ruling system and disguised himself under the mask of the Noah. "Selection of Noah’s speech After the storm" is the first ode in which the poet has used the technique of mask. This paper uses analytical and descriptive method in order to investigate how the poet has made use of this technique. The researcher used the criteria of the dramatic monologue, mask and face, and progressive and descending approaches. The results are as followed: in associated with the fragility of mask, the poet used defamiliarization in order to add the characteristics of the contemporary age into historical figures and make relation between these two figures. The mask and the face are not separated in this ode but also move in one direction till the end of the ode and sometimes mask prevails the face. The poet uses dramatic monologue in this ode, although the words used in the speech are in contrast with this internal dialogue.

Verbal simile in the Quranic verses are similar to the verses that are most similar to each other and only few differ. These differences are diverse and one of them is the difference in the letters of meanings. This article attempts to examine the causes of this rhetoric through analysis and description. The results show that these differences are wise and purposeful and the similarity in the elements of these verses by no means is the reason of them being synonymous. On the contrary, these differences represent a rhetorical miracle in these verses causing these differences to be of two types verbal and virtual. The verbal type is being proportional to the preceding words, proportionate to the verses of each verse and proportion to the adjacent words in each. However, the virtual differences lie in the different positions of each, different addressee, practicality of one them, the need for emphasis on one, diversity, the requirement to connect in one and separate in another, and the requirement of abbreviation in one and detail in the other.

Repetition is one of the masterpieces of stylistics within a literary text and researchers specifically criticized and studied this stylistic phenomenon in poetry and have spoken of its benefits and effects, and have expressed its semantic and structural implications. one of the poets who uses repetition to recount the tragedies of his people is Abdul Rahim Mahmood. He was a revolutionary poet who fought against the usurper and never kept quiet. He writes with all his power and ability. The structure and meanings of his epics and revolutionary poems are prominent, especially since geometric repetition adds to its epic quality. In this article, we have studied geometric repetition in Abdul Rahim Mahmood's poetry. The method used is descriptive-analytical. The purpose of this essay is to examine its geometric repetition and its impact on the poet's expression and his revolutionary and epic spirit introducing him as a revolutionary poet. The findings show that, firstly, the poet has employed five types of geometric repetitions, such as initial repetition, pyramid repetition, circular repetition, essential repetition, and congested repetition. Secondly, the poet attempts to use repetition as a means of conveying his personal life experiences therefore what he sees through happiness and grief is represented through geometric repetition.

An ode has an artistic structure whose aim is to portray the poet’s emotional feelings. To accomplish this goal, the poet uses the words because words are the essential material of language and poetry and they express the feelings that humankind takes on the moment of artistic creation. This way, the poet selects some poetic styles. These styles represent the literary character of its producer and are the interpretations of the poet’s ideas. The present research studies the linguistic structures and stylistic effects of polemics of Al-Akhtal through Jerir's poetry on the basis of an analytical descriptive method, in order to illustrate the impact of these elements in explaining his emotions. The findings show that Jarrir has thoroughly comprehended, Gerir understood that there is a strong relationship between language and style, mental images conveying satire and honor. The findings also reveal the poet considers some linguistic structures as belittling, plural, superlative nouns, subjects, as well as certain stylistic manifestation of negation, pray, condition, , first person singular, delay and repetition.