فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 28 (تابستان 1396)

Logical discussion about Islamic principles began by the Quran itself and has always urged people to have faith with strong and firm reasons. Similar to Imam Raza, who taught the principles of Islam to various sects and made them contemplate through discussions and debates. At the present time, due to emphasis upon the linguistic delicacies and multiple approaches to verbal analysis, the inner layers of speech are revealed better than the past. The present research is based on descriptive-analytical approach; based on using linguistics and discussion of discourse analysis. The operational explanation of this research is based on the ideological language features of Van Dijk's ideological square, which plays an important role in the final analysis of the debate. Imam used language tools to influence his audience and persuaded them by neutralizing their own arguments against them. Meanwhile, the use of emphasis and the use of various types of nouns, including the proper nouns and irregular verbs and the Quranic intertextuality are significant in highlighting the main points of Imam's debate. This is to the extent that divergent answers to the questions of the subject, without the emphasis or proper use of words with weak meanings, have led to the marginalization of some concepts of the opponent.

Abdul Rahman Munif (1933- 2004), a contemporary and a committed Saudi Arabian writer protests against the conditions of tyranny and injustice in in Saudi Arabia and other Arabic countries by depicting political and social realities in his novels. East of the Mediterranean (1975) is one of his novels in which a clear picture of the information system and the plight of political prisoners in their countries are presented. This article uses a descriptive - analytic method, investigating the most important components of Prison Literature such as the prison environment (and nights in prison cells), the character of prison guards and prison guards, life in prison (torture, Feed imprisonment, loneliness and separation, sorrow, despair, thinking, fantasy and fear, willing to die, complaint, weakness and disease, threatened and confessed, pride, letter of excuse and freedom) in East of the Mediterranean. The findings reveal that according to the experience of prisoners by the author, the discursive prison novel provides the best description of the situations and in particular, internal states and mental conditions of the prisoners.

One of the significant characteristics of literary criticism in fourth century is its amalgamation with the rhetoric. Ibn Tabataba a representative and pioneer in criticism in fourth century, evaluated poetry based on simile rhetoric. Careful investigation of the criticism and rhetoric pioneer's points of views such as Ibn Tabataba is required for exact recognition of the changes and evolution of the criticism and rhetoric. This research which is done with the purpose of explaining and analyzing Ibn Tabataba's point of views in simile criticism and is based on the book Ayarosher, through descriptive and analytical method strives to answer "what is the purpose of simile verity used by Ibn Tabatab by including connecting words?" Therefore, referring to "Ayar Al-sher "and extracting Ibn Tabataba's sporadic point of views it is attempted to approach his view based on reliable sources of rhetoric. By analyzing Ibn Tabataba's perspective, it is concluded that his emphasis on mentioning connecting words is due to inviting the poets to innovation in simile, approaching exaggeration in truth, no use of simile meaning without connecting words and eventually emphasizing and exaggerating simile.

Ahmed Fouad Negm, the Egyptian contemporary poet, is one of the most influential figures in the resistance literature who always relates the sufferings and problems of the Egyptians and Arab community. This revolutionist and warrior was confined and prisoned because of his poems. However, he never gave up his revolutionary beliefs. In this article, aspects and characteristics of resistance literature in respect to form and content are investigated. The main findings of this research are that nationalism, summoning his reader to fight against dictatorship and volatilization, inviting his readers to be impressed by Iran’s Islamic revolution are his poetic themes; they are used in structures such as decoding, folk language, epic and oratory expressions, satire and authoritative styles. The use of slang is the hallmark of his poetic style and this is what distinguishes him from his contemporaries.

In all languages words or lexical items are the ultimate means of expressing one’s inner feelings and they are the simplest means of communicating one's mind and heart. The more clerics and speakers are careful in selecting their words, the greater is the impact upon the addressees. This article aims at introducing the Iranian lexicographer, Abu Al Fateh Borouddin Nasser ibnAbil al-Makaram al- Mottarezi, compiler of "Al-Mogharb al-Maarab", critiquing and an overview of lexicography in Arabic language and literature, and its literary Schools. Mottarezi is one of the sixth-century scholars of the Khwarezm in the field of morphology and syntax and is called “Caliph Zamakhshari”; because in knowledge and method of lexicography he is a true successor of Zamakhshari's and has followed his method in alphabetical arrangement of the dictionary which Zamakhshari established in the fifth century with writing his book Asas Al-Balagha. He changed his method of lexicography from conjugation of words to rhetoric domain, introducing a new trend for the latter lexicographers. Al-Makhrab is an abridged form of his great book, Al-Maarab. The latter is the first abridged Arabic Jurisprudence dictionary of the time. The present article is based on descriptive-analytical method.

One of the major areas of postcolonial criticism is the examination of new religious, national, racial and social identities in the post-colonial period and comparing them with pre-colonial period. Waciny Laredj, an Al-Jazeera's contemporary novelist, in his The Kingdom of the Butterfly, uses the literary form of the novel to portray issues such as identity crises, immigration, cultural, social, and religious conflicts during post-colonial times. The present article studies the post-colonial identity of the characters of this novel from the perspective of post-colonial theorist Homi Bhabha, based on components such as identity and terminology such as the third space and bonding.The results of this descriptive-analytic study indicate that, in the novel, Waciny Laredj illustrates the identity of the person joining in such matters as religion, cover, language, nationality, race, name and art, and the identity crisis of immigrant characters depicted. All of these matters affect, signify the negative consequences of the 132 years of Algeria colonized by France.

Surrealism is a literary school that emerged in France in the early 20th century and its aim was to reach “Sublime”. Dreams, autographs, frenzy, humor, eroticism, magic, surrealistic objects, and the objective accident are surrealistic devices. Zakaria Tamer, a contemporary Syrian writer, is an Arab writer whose works illustrate his influence on such an attitude in the selection of subjects and fictional spaces. This article examines the course of the evolution of the early decades of writing by examining the three first sets of Tamer's short stories based on the principles of the school of surrealism. The findings of this study show that Zakaria Tamer in his first collection, The Neighing of the White Steed, has a greater commitment to French surrealism and most of his stories are narrated in a dream-like way. In his second collection, Spring in The Ashes, and third collection, The Thunder, localizes this attitude I such a way that the level of surrealistic components decreases yet surrealist spaces still dominate the stories. A remarkable point in this process is Tamer's approach to some kind of social surrealism which has a clear contradiction with the individualistic aspect of this school. The present study employs a descriptive-analytical approach.