Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity
Volume:9 Issue: 1, Spring 2017

Overweight and obesity described as the most serious public health issues that can lead to long-term consequences .This study conducted to investigate whether breastfeeding has a preventing effect on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adulthood.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on students in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (n=300) in 2013. Data were collected through cluster sampling method. Data was collected via a researcher made checklist. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, chi square and ANOVA in SPSS-16 software.
The mean (±Standard Deviation) of body mass index (BMI) of students were 21.91 ± 0.4 kg/m2. The mean BMI of men was significantly higher than women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 16.7%. Based on the result, approximately 96.4% of the children had been ever breastfed; 11.1% of the children were breastfed for less than 6 months. Researcher found no association between the duration or exclusivity of breastfeeding and obesity and overweight in later life.
The results of our study did not show a significant association between the duration or exclusivity of breastfeeding and BMI in young adulthood.

Depression is a common co-morbid condition in patients with type II diabetes. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on depression among patients with type II diabetes.
Using a pre-test post-test experimental design with control group. With conventional sampling method 40subjects were selected from Alborz Diabetes Association, being evaluated according to DSM-IV-TR. They were randomly divided into an experimental and a control groups. For gathering data we used demographic questionnaire and Beck depression inventory (BDI) .Experimental group under acceptance and commitment therapy sessions. Groups (Experimental and control) were studied for3 months .These questionnaire (BDI) were given to the patients before and after treatment and at 3 month follow up period .The data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measures.
Acceptance and commitment therapy in post -test and follow up decrease in depression scores (P-value The Conclusions of this study indicated that acceptance and commitment therapy can be effective as a psychological intervention on depression in patients with type II diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes(T2DM) patients can benefit from exercise training programs but there are many barriers to do exercise .The aim of this study was to investigate effects of 10 weeks aerobic, resistance and combined strength and aerobic exercise program on fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of T2DM male patients.
A quasi experimental study on 52 T2DM male patients was done. They were divided into four groups: aerobic training group (ATG; n=13), resistance training group (RTG; n=13), combined strength and aerobic training group (SAG; n=13), and control group (CG; n=10). There were three types of training program: aerobic, with intensity of 55-85% of the heart rate maximum (HRmax) 3 times /week, and resistance, with intensity of 50-75% one-repetition maximum 3 times week. Anthropometric measurements, HbA1c and FBS were measured at the beginning and after 10 weeks.
The mean (± standard deviation) age of participants was 53.24 (±1.05) years old. FBS decreased significantly in all studied groups (P-value The result of the present study indicated that three type exercise training programs cause improving the metabolic factors related to diabetes in T2DM male patients. However, each type of training also provides unique benefits.

Diabetic patients suffer from different types of complications associated with peripheral nerves. A clear manifestation of these complications is found in the mouth where neuropathies commonly occur. The measurement of electrical stimulation threshold of teeth signifies premature involvement of peripheral nerves in the teeth. The aim of present study is to compare pulp tester response in uncontrolled type II diabetic (T2DM) patients and people with normal systemic conditions.
In this case-control study, 63 subjects in two groups of diabetic patients (n=30) and control (n=33) were studied. For each group, the electrical stimulation thresholds of higher-jaw central teeth were measured and recorded. The collected data was analyzed via SPSS Software (version. 17). The difference between mean thresholds of electrical stimulation of teeth between the two groups was verified based on T-test. In addition, Chi-square test was used for determination of association between qualitative variables. In this study, the significance level was presumed to be Pvalue The mean threshold of electrical stimulation in diabetic patients was 3.8 with standard deviation (SD) 1.01 and in control group was 3.7 (±0.9). The difference between two groups was insignificant (P-value:0.483). In addition, the association between age and threshold of stimulation was not significant (P-value:0.06).
Despite of observed difference between test and control groups in regard to electrical stimulation threshold, the obtained results were insignificant. This extent of simulation in dental nerves in patients with uncontrolled T2DM and controls was similar.

Diabetes is a common disease and its prevalence rate is rapidly increasing. Aim of present study was to review the hypoglycemic effects of Nigella sativa (N.sativa) extract and endurance training in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
In this experimental research from 50 streptozotocine induced diabetic rats, 32 rats with more than 300 mg/dL fasting blood glucose (FBS) selected and divided into four groups of 8 rats (1) endurance training, (2) N.sativa extract, (3) N.sativa extract with endurance training, and (4) control. Groups 1 and 3 trained endurance exercise 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week. Two and 3 groups received 4 weeks intraperitoneal 100 mg/kg N.sativa extract daily. For statistical analysis of data used Kolmogorov– Smirnov test, one way ANOVA and tukey post hoc tests. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant.
Four weeks endurance training, N.sativa extract and N.sativa extract with endurance trainings have significant effect on reduction of FBS, insulin resistance and HbA1c of diabetic rats (Pvalue≤0.05).
Four weeks N.sativa extract and endurance training have hypoglycemic effects in diabetic rats but they have no interactional effects.

GLUT4 glucose transporter content and glucose transport capacity are closely correlated in muscle. The purpose of current study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training and High-Intensity Interval Training (HITT) on Glut-4 gene expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by high fat diet and STZ.
This study was done on 32 male Wistar in Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences-Tehran. The study sample consisted of 32 male Wistar 10 week old weighting 220 ± 20 gr which were divided into 4 obese groups. One diabetic group had to do resistance training and another group did HIIT. One more diabetic group and the healthy group did not do any activities. At the end, the amount of their left ventricular GLUT-4 was measured. Independent t-test and one way ANOVA were used to examine the results.
The expression of Glut-4 in the left ventricle of diabetic rats was 0.72 lower than that of the non-diabetic group, due to T2DM induction (P-value:0.029). There was a significant difference between the groups in expressing Glut-4 in the left ventricle. The post hoc test confirmed a significant increase in the expression of Glut-4 in the resistance and HIIT group compared to the control group (P-value:0.017 and P-value:0.05).
However, there was no significant difference in expression of Glut-4 between the two groups of resistance and HIIT. Our findings showed that T2DM patients with cardiovascular disease can improve their problem by performing physical activity.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolicdisorders . It is assumed that restless leg syndrome (RLS) occur more in diabetics. Our study aims to investigate the relationship between DM and restless leg syndrome.
Our study conducted as a Case- control study, containing 180 patients as the cases and 201 as the controls from June 2016 to March 2017, at Ziyaiyan hospital, Tehran. All participants aged above 18 years. Data was collected by filling the pre-prepared checklists, complementary laboratory tests and precise physical examination by a single medical doctor.
The study was carried out with 318 participants, 163 (42.8%) were male and 218 (57.2%) female, total mean age was 52.2
16.3 years, BMI in case group and control group was 28.6
4.9and28.6
4.1 respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the genders, mean age and BMI in two groups (P-value= 0.14, 0.14 and 0.56). RLS had a higher prevalence in Diabetic mans (P=value 0.04) with no significant difference in non-diabetics (P-value=0.21). RLS was more common in Diabetics (p-value=0.001) and they have 1.79 –fold higher risk of RLS (P-value According to our findings, diabetic patients have increased risk of RLS. Diabetes can be considered as one of its risk factors; besides, the signs resemble diabetic neuropathy; therefore, we recommend accurate screening tests and immediate diagnosis and treatment perform in all diabetic patients.

Exercise and nutrition as life style modification strategies for the prevention and control of diabetes are considered. The aim of present study was to assess the effects of saffron consumption and aerobic exercises on serum levels of Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (HFABP) and Troponin T in type2 diabetes (T2DM) patients.
This study was a quasi-experimental research. Therefore, 24 T2DM men were selected and randomly divided in four groups (1. control, 2. saffronextract, 3. aerobic exercises, 4. compound aerobic exercisesand saffronextract).Saffronextract with 100 mg/daywas used. Aerobic exercises, three days a week, for eight weeks,with 55-70% of maximum heart ratewere performed. At the end, levels ofHFABP) and Troponin Twere measured. Data were analyzed by Paired Ttest, One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests.
The serum Troponin T increased significantly in saffron extract, aerobic exercises and compound saffron extract -aerobic exercises in T2DM men(P-value:0.024, P-value: 0.013, Pvalue:0.005 respectively). Saffron extract consumption (100 mg/day) and aerobic exercises did not significantly influence the serum HFABP (P-value: 0.365, P-value: 0.188 respectively). But serum HFABP decreased significantly in compound saffron extract aerobic exercises group (P-value: 0.003).
Raised cardiac Troponin T and HFABPconcentration are accepted as the standard biochemical markers for the diagnosis of cardiac injury. Saffron intake maybeneficially protect the myocardium from injuries. Compound saffron extract -aerobic exercises can decrease levels of Troponin T and HFABP in T2DM men.

The study evaluated the prevalence and progression of different thyroid tumors in patients who referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital during 2005 to 2013, Yazd, Iran.
In this retrospective follow-up study, cytopathological data of patients suffering from thyroid masses was collected during 2005-2013. Age and sex of patients were recorded.
Totally, 2055 patients were evaluated in this study. The patients were between 21-50 years old .Among the patients, pathological types identified were as follow: 86.8% goiter, 5.8% inflammatory lesions, 3.2% follicular lesions, 3.5%papillary carcinoma and 0.8% follicular neoplasm. Among 2055 patients, 91.7% were women and 8% were men. The frequency of thyroid nodules was increased from 2003 to 2013 with steep slope.
In total, regarding the current study, different kinds of thyroid tumors had growing trends in recent years and new plan and strategies are recommended to deal with this problem.

Physical activity and herbal medicine can inhabit apoptosis with two different mechanisms. The aim of this study was to assess the combined effect of regular aerobic exercise with garlic extract on heart apoptosis regulatory factors in aged rats with chronic kidney disease.
In this experimental research, 42 aged male Wistar rats (48-52 weeks) were selected and divided into 6 groups: control, doxorubicin, doxorubicin-salin, doxorubicin- garlic, doxorubicin - exercise, doxorubicin -garlic-exercise (combined). Chronic kidney disease was induced by a single doxorubicin injection (8.5 mg/kg). Swimming training was programmed 3 days /week, 30 min/day for 8 weeks. Both the doxorubicin garlic and combined groups with garlic extract were administered by garlic gavage at a dose of 2.5 g/kg. The renal Bax and Bcl-2 levels were evaluated by ELIZA method. A one-way analysis of variance was used to data analysis (P-value The results showed that, 8 weeks swimming training, garlic supplementation and the combination of exercise and garlic extract caused significant Bax increase and Bcl-2 and the ratio Bax/Bcl-2decrease in heart tissue of aged rats with chronic kidney disease.
Based on the results of physical activity and garlic separately induce a protective effect on the heart tissue. But combined interventions did not accelerate the combined effects. Therefore, it is suggested to use them separately.

The association between Guanine Nucleotide Binding protein β protein polypeptide 3(GNB3) C825T polymorphism and obesity has recently been reported. However, the findings remain inconclusive. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to detect the relationship between GNB3 C825T polymorphism and obesity.
Six electronic databases including Embase, Medline, science direct and SID were investigated and searched for English articles, published before February 2016, which referred to the association between GNB3 C825T polymorphism and obesity. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated in allele, recessive, dominant and additive genetic models to assess this association.
The findings demonstrated that GNB3 TT homozygote status was significantly associated with an increased risk of obesity compared with CC wild-type homozygote (TT vs. CC: OR= 1.237, 95% CI: 1.040- 1.472, P-value:0.016), while one mutation allele (TC) could not significantly increase the risk of obesity (TC vs. CC: OR= 0.91, 95% CI: 0.79- 1.05, P-value:0.207).
Our meta-analysis suggested a significant association between the TT genotype of the GNB3 gene polymorphism and obesity risk. Thus, targeted healthcare should be strengthened with regard to this gene carrier in order to prevent obesity.

In the absence of insulin, regular physical activity facilitates the glucose entry into the cell via affecting several signaling pathways. Moreover, regular exercise improves the lipid profile and increases the paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity. PON-1 interacts with Highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) and, in the presence of calcium, hydrolyzes free radicals, prevents low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, maintains homocysteine structure in the blood, and inhibits hemoglobin glycation. These factors explain one of the beneficial effects of regular exercise on prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, there is a positive relationship between decreased PON-1 activity and the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, renal failure, gastric cancer, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and even Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of physical activity on the PON-1 activity and lipid profile. Regular physical activity increased HDL and PON-1 activity in patients with metabolic syndrome. Since PON-1 binds to HDL and increased HDL probably increases the PON-1 activity as well. This finding suggests that regular exercise decreases the effect of one bout exercise on PON-1 response. In addition, in order to improve metabolic syndromes, it is advised to perform aerobic exercise for 150 minutes per week with an intensity of 40-60% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). The exercises should be preferably performed in 3-5 sessions per week according to the intensity. Based on the disease progression, type of consumed drugs, and certain considerations in each group of patients, aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises can be performed by using large muscle groups in a continuous training mode. However, in dyslipidemia, continuous aerobic exercises are preferred.