فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 25، پاییز 1396)

In many parts of the world, events such as floods cause the death of many people and extensive damage. In Iran, the adverse effects of floods are not less than earthquakes and the lack of attention to them has a lot of human and financial losses. Among the causes and origins of the flood event, one of the most common reasons is precipitation. In other words, although in many parts of the country rainfall is low, 60% of the annual rainfall occurs in a day. This factor, along with the formation of many of the cities on the slopes and gradients caused that rain- induced flood is one of the most challenging issues. Studying the flooding in Tehran Province as a capital and one of the Iranian metropolises is essential. The position of Tehran on the slopes and mountains and existence of flood plains causes rain- induced flood becomes one of a major concerns almost in all seasons and is the subject of this paper.
Accordingly, the article aims to use the descriptive-analytical research method to meet the goals of coping, minimizing mortality and financial losses, establish safety and minimizing the probability of a flood caused by precipitation, especially in the central sections of Tehran province which are more vulnerable to the risk of flooding. In this regard, required plans were prepared in GIS software and data have been collected through the study of documents, books, essays and articles. In other part of research, 3 major maps such as hazard map, vulnerability map and risk map were prepared and analyzed.
Findings: Subsequently, SWOT table was formulated and SWOT analytical diagrams such as coordinate axes and adaptation diagrams were drawn. The study concludes that the semi-eastern boundaries of the area should be placed in the priority of resilience. Facilities in western parts of the region are highly vulnerable. The lines of power in the northern and northeastern regions of the area should be explored and monitored continuously. Gas stations in the eastern half of the range have high risk and explosion probability under hazardous conditions. Oil transmission lines are vulnerable in the central, southern, and northeastern regions of the region.
This paper recommends the replacement of fossil fuels with green energies, especially in central, southern, and northeast regions. Capital and assets, especially in the Middle East, are at risk. It is also recommended to consider locations for flood deforestation in the semi-eastern area.

In most post-disaster programs, the policy of relocating all or part of the settlement is considered as an appropriate solution due to the risk reduction or facilitating and accelerating reconstruction. However, various experiences suggest that the displacement of habitats has usually added to, rather than solving problems. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the challenges of displacement of settlements according to the case study of Ardabil villages’ reconstruction after the 1996 earthquake, study its various consequences and the effectiveness of risk reduction measures through residential relocation and resistant housing reconstruction, and provide solutions to increase the success of such policies.
The present study is descriptive-survey in terms of the nature that was conducted using a mixed quantitative and qualitative research method during one year through conducting extensive desk research, reviewing literature and documents, as well as visiting the region at several times. Data was collected through questionnaire, and free and in-depth interview, interview with the villagers, free observation and taking photos and sketches from villages; a survey of housing units and extensions were done through survey and field study. The spatial domain of the research was consisted of 10 villages relocated in the area of ​​severe destruction, around the city of Sarein, Jurab and Golestan villages in the center of the earthquake, and three partially relocated villages were considered as the control group.
Findings: The urgency in reconstructing the earthquake affected villages to deal with the cold climate of the area caused the location of new villages to be selected without conducting comprehensive climate, economic, social and environmental studies. As time goes on, there are several challenges that local people sometimes think of using their capacities. But in general, the relocation of the habitats did not reduce the vulnerability, so that it continues to be built in the old part of villages at risk.
The most important strategies for success in the post-disaster reconstruction process and in particular, relocation of the settlements which could be outlined are: "conducting pre-disaster recovery planning for the country's most vulnerable areas, carrying out comprehensive economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical studies in the areas at risk, utilizing specialists from different areas of disaster studies in the reconstruction process, utilizing the participation of the disaster affected community in the process of reconstruction of the settlement including site selection and neighborhoods, solving the problem of land ownership, using indigenous knowledge, and providing different housing options according to the regional architectural patterns and family size.

Wars, despite the prevailing intellectual principles, always lead to destructions and post war reconstruction with the approach of restoring sense of belonging and place attachment has the ability to link man and place together. In this regard, contemporary life, in spite of all new ideas and the essence of moving forward, always needs to recall memories in order to preserve social foundations and this is what shapes the subjective perception of individuals in a subjective-evaluative way from the environment around them.
The present research focuses on the Second World War and also Iran Imposed War’s documents as a descriptive-interpretive survey and also, reviews the literature and discusses place- space attachment and war impacts on cities. In this regards, monuments and memorials in urban reconstruction are studied and according to the different origin of the war in Iran namely dominant policies and Shiite viewpoint of the value preservation of Holly Defense, documents are studied and a field survey conducted on war-torn areas in Iran at the spring of 2017.
Findings: The survey is divided into two general sections. The first part discusses about World War II and reviving the survivors’ sense of belonging and place-space attachment in the European reconstruction experience. The second part is related to investigation of the damaged area’s reconstruction in Imposed War that shows the differentiations in Shiite and European point of views in terms of reviving the identity and place- space attachment.
The findings show that sense of belonging is directly related to religious and Shiite beliefs in preservation of the Holly Defense battlefields, monuments, and defense museums in the Imposed War. Calling people under the name of “Rahiyan-e-noor”, not only by physical construction, but by preserving the war environment and space as a holy and sacred event, narrates the memoirs. However, the sense of nationalism in WWII, beside the policy of providing infrastructures, leads to reconstruct and revitalize urban areas as it seen in most European cities.

Experiences, when are written and documented, can turn into knowledge and expand human sciences. Reconstruction after disasters, like other science branches, needs documentation of disasters and reconstruction efforts after them. In September 1978, an earthquake hit the city of Tabas in South Khorasan, Iran. Reconstruction phase was simultaneous to 1979 Iran revolution. Therefore, on the one hand, old regime was trying for relief mission and on the other hand, revolutionaries and clergymen were trying to help the survivors. Unfortunately, information about the process of the reconstruction had not been formally collected.
The research is an analytical documentation with the qualitative methodology. The main methods of data collection in this paper are direct observation, depth interviews with people who remember the reconstruction, and review of documents.
Findings: according to the findings of the research, it seems that syndication between reconstruction program and 1979 Iran revolution caused high people participation in reconstruction. Income independence of inhabitants and housing harmony to pre-disaster situation was also other reasons to its success. However, lack of attention to the pre-disaster urban fabric, lack of attention the region climate in urban design, and entrance of non-natives for using reconstruction facilities were mentioned as its defects.
Almost forty years after the reconstruction, observations and interviews shows durability of reconstructed settlements. High rate of people participation and paying attention to housing patterns before the earthquake are among the main reasons for durability of housing reconstruction.

planning before disasters is one of the most important subjects in megalopolises which may affect increasing the risk of probable dangers. Tehran megalopolis, because of population centralization, constructions’ density and non-observance of security standards on the on hand, and because of locating in an earthquake-prone region in terms of the risks, on the other hand, is so considerable and needs the comprehensive planning before disasters. Planning for temporary settlement, in order to identify suitable ways and providing habitation in urban areas besides providing the survivals’ needs after a disaster and make efforts to bring back the society’s normal situation, increases the preparation to confront with the disaster and management of crisis situations. The purpose of the present study is to reach a comprehensive and dynamic plan in order to prepare against the disasters and providing the survivals’ needs.
This study is a descriptive- analytic research with a qualitative approach. Planning in this research is based on the comprehensive planning for the disasters by the strategic planning method which emphasizes the coordination between government and society, besides rehabilitation of all parts of the city and habitation supplies. Towards the purpose of this study, finding its strength and weak points, opportunities and threats against the planning for temporary settlement in studied area, documentary and library studies, precise observation of areas and interview with neighborhood people are used.
Findings: Tehran’s 10th district is one of the central areas with a large population and construction density; beside its historical and cultural backgrounds, this zone suffers from worn-out. Beryanak- Haft Chenar neighborhood is the core of formation of the district which has the majority of green spaces in this area; but the significant urban worn texture, existence of the risky uses, unsecure social areas and unsafety against disasters increase its vulnerability to crisis. This study tries to reach a strategic plan by the SWOT technic, preparation and decreasing risks before a disaster approach and also considering sustainable development of the human temporary settlement after disasters in four areas of management, frame, natural and social environment and economics in scales of city, area and neighborhood. One of the most important achievements of this plan is the individual housing accommodation with the help of credits of each family and the government and also collective and family housing in neighborhoods according to assets, potentials and capacities of the quarter with government grants.

Site selection of temporary settlements after probable earthquake of Tehran is one of the challenges of crisis management. The present paper tries to find effective factors and criteria of site selection for temporary settlements among urban green spaces of municipality district 22 Tehran and rank them.
This paper investigates methods of site selection of Tehran's green spaces for temporary settlements by descriptive-analytical methodology and a confection of quantitative and qualitative approach. GIS software and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method have been utilized to achieve the goals of the paper.
Findings: the research results have shown that green spaces type, services, equipment, infrastructures, security, and protection are the main criteria for feasibility study and function, security and compatibility are respectively the most important criteria at the first level for site selection for temporary settlements among urban green spaces.
Finally, the paper concludes that urban green spaces of municipality district 22 of Tehran do not have equal values for temporary settlement and thus, whilst proposing a ranking of them according to site selection criteria, argues their suitability for setting up temporary settlements.

The historical cities and their problems regarding population growth and old textures development made the earthquake and its damages as the threats to habitats. Due to the extension of historical textures and their burnout indices across Yazd province, the crisis management in the city is not very easy. There are lots of programs in reclamation and immunization of historical textures, but they did not succeed because they did not consider citizen's cooperation and people groups.
the present study has used library and field method to collect data and investigated the locating maps of crisis management base using weight analysis and GIS system.
The results showed that there is a meaningful relation between people's tendency to cooperate in programs of risk reduction and the amount of cooperation, social and kinship relationship, and truth of habitants to groups of people in this district.
Findings: The present study was done by participation of families, local groups and nongovernmental organizations to do actions about increasing readiness of society toward events of historical textures in Fahadan district of Yazd province. The study will investigate the ideas, theories and experiences of different countries in providing a program to use capabilities of local society in reducing earthquake danger and using cooperation capabilities in Fahadan district of Yazd. By investigating durable program in Fahadan district, the study found some policies and comments to create a program to reduce the risks.
According to the results, the best place for crisis management base was defined and when there is enough budget, support of organizations and people's cooperation, the risks of Fahadan district against events will be reduced.