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Biological and Biomedical Journal - Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter 2018

International Biological and Biomedical Journal
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter 2018

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/10/10
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Majid Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, Hooman Zarei, Ali Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, Narges Karimi, Mahmoud Abedini * Page 1
    Glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system which is involved in synaptic transmission, brain development, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Normally, the enzymatic destruction of glutamate does not occur in the synaptic and extracellular space, but glutamate is removed through specific transporter proteins, leading to stabilization of glutamate concentration at non-toxic levels. When extracellular glutamate concentration increases, it could cause excitotoxicity and lead to many diseases of the central nervous system such as neurodegenerative disorders and multiple sclerosis (MS). Trans-glutaminase enzymes produce large quantities of glutamate by deaminating glutamine and consequently activating immune cells, especially lymphocytes. These activated lymphocytes release glutamate abundantly in the lesion location. Also, the expression level of glutamate specific carriers is decreased in the lesion area. This review discusses on the synthesis and release of glutamate, the natural cycle of glutamine/glutamate and glutamate receptors and transporters, and their role in excitotoxicity and finally their relationship with MS.
    Keywords: Glutamate, multiple sclerosis, excitotoxicity, central nervous system
  • Kumar Arun *_V. V Vankatachalam_Ujawane Deepak_Virendra K. Tiwari_Sindhe Aakash Page 14
    Combined therapy with clarithromycin (CLTR) and N–acetyl cysteine (NAC) may be useful in diseases with impaired oxidant-antioxidant balance, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition such as pulmonary fibrosis. Activated inflammatory cells which accumulate in the lower airways may release increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when accompanied with a deficiency in glutathione, the major component of the lung antioxidant defense system, leading to lung injury and fibrosis. The aim of this study was to examine the combined effect of CLTR, and NNAC on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Bleomycin was administered by single intra tracheal instillation to Wistar rats to induce lung fibrosis. Rats under study were orally administered with NAC (3 mmol/Kg), and CLTR (20 mg/Kg) from day 4 to 21, after a single intra tracheal instillation of bleomycin (2.5 U/Kg) or saline on day 1. Combined treatment with CLTR and NAC significantly decreased the augmented collagen deposition in bleomycin exposed rats (P
    Keywords: Pulmonary fibrosis, bleomycin, N–acetyl cysteine, clarithromycin
  • Abeer A. Sharaf, Maha S. Kawashti, Naglaa F. Abd El Haliem *, Hawazen Ismaeel Page 24
    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem with more than 130-180 million people infected worldwide. Several studies in different populations have reported the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, and HCV viral load, and genotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association between HLA class I and II alleles in HCV-infected patients and healthy individuals. This study was conducted on 82 individuals characterized as group A: 29 healthy screened blood donors as controls; group B: 7 patients positive for HCV antibodies with non-detectable HCV-RNA; and group C: 46 patients positive for HCV antibodies with detectable HCV-RNA. HCV seropositivity was determined by enzyme immuno-assay (EIA), confirmed by recombinant immune blotting assay (RIBA). Viral RNA was detected by qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by determination of viral load by quantitative RT-PCR. HCV DNA amplicons were utilized by immune blotting hybridization assay for detection of HCV genotypes in HCV-infected groups. HLA genotyping was performed for all studied groups. HCV genotype 1 (1a, 1b) was the commonest among the high viral load (> 500.000 copies/ml) HCV-infected patients (70%), while genotype 4 was found in only (18.75%) low viral load (
    Keywords: HCV infection, viral load, HCV genotypes, HLA genotypes
  • Gopalan Rajkumar, Periyakali Saravana Bhavan *, Muthu Suganya, Veeran Srinivasan, Madhayan Karthik, Rajendran Udayasuriyan Page 35
    Marine macro algae are useful to mankind as food, biofertilizer, and source of bioactive compounds such as agar-agar, alginates, and carrageenan. The aim of this study was to explore the phytochemicals, and the antibacterial activity of the marine alga Sargassum polycystem. The marine alga was subjected to ethanolic and methanolic extractions. The preliminary screening for phytochemicals showed the presence of tannins, polyphenols, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and quinones. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of totally 16 secondary metabolites: 8 different compounds for each solvent extraction. Among these bioactive compounds, 3 compounds (1, 2 benzenedicarboxylic-dibutylester and 13, docosenamide of ethanolic extract, and 3, 5-diaminodeoxymethoxy of methanolic extract, showed the binding affinity and ability to react with exotoxin-A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common pathogenic bacterium of fishes and prawns. The in vitro antibacterial assays revealed that both ethanolic and methanolic extracts of S. polycystem possessed the ability to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa. Therefore, aquaculture medicine could be prepared with S. polycystem.
    Keywords: Brown alga, ligands, exotoxin-A, Sargassum polycystem
  • Bulent Elitok *, Seda Akgun Page 45
    B complex vitamins play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of B complex vitamins administered by exogenous route on rumen protozoa, hematological and blood biochemical parameters in clinically healthy cattles. Thirty cattles aged between 6 to 18 months, and breeding in Afyonkarahisar Province and surrounding regions were studied. Ten clinically healthy animals served as control group. Twenty study group animals were given 10-20 ml B complex vitamins, 3 times during 3 days, by intramuscular route. Clinical (body temperature, pulse and respiration rates, rumen contractions), hematological (total leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements), and serum biochemical (aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, total protein, albumin) parameters along with rumen protozoa status were measured in all animals. Regarding hematological parameters, there was no significant difference between the study groups in term of time intervals (P> 0.05). The mean values of WBC, RBC, neutrophils, HGB, HTC, MCV, MCH and MCHC were different between the case and the control groups (P 0.05). AST, SDH, ALP enzyme levels averaged within the reference limits, but were significantly higher in the case group (P
    Keywords: Afyonkarahisar, B complex vitamins, cattle, rumen, protozoa
  • Moses Zaruwa, Joshua Osuigwe Madu *, Abdulhakeem Adebayo Yusuf, Abdurrasheed Ola Ola Muhammed Page 48
    Malaria remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries, and the alarming spread of parasite resistance to drugs underscores the need to develop new antimalarial compounds. In this study, the phytochemical constituents, in vivo antiplasmodial, and cytotoxic activity of methanolic extracts of Achyranthes aspera and Ficus thoningii were evaluated using chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei in mice. The extract of F. thoningii exhibited significant (P˂0.05) blood schizontocidal activity in a four day treatment test, in a dose dependent manner. Likewise, A. aspera extract resulted in high suppressions of schizonts (74%, 100% and 87%) at 50, 100, and 200 mg/Kg body weight, respectively (P˂0.05). Neither death nor toxic sign was recorded in the mice in the acute toxicity study. These findings provide scientific rationale for the traditional use of these plants against malaria symptoms, and also make the plant a candidate for bioactivity-guided phytochemical analyzes to identify the active principles.
    Keywords: Malaria, Ficus thoningii, Achyranthes aspera, antiplasmodial activity
  • Emrullah Bahsi *, Bayram Ince, Zeki Akkus Page 62
    Different materials and techniques are used in dental wear restoration with the objective of increasing teeth resistance, and providing an aesthetic appearance. The aim of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of amalgam and posterior composite in abrasioned premolar and molar teeth. In this study, 60 carries and restoration- free human permanent mandibular premolar and molar teeth, freshly extracted because of orthodontic, periodontal and surgery reasons, were used. Cusps of teeth were removed with a horizontally cut, and were randomly divided into four groups of 15 teeth each. Groups 1 and 2 received class II restorations with posterior composite and amalgam, respectively in 15 premolar teeth. Groups 3 and 4 had class II restorations with posterior composite and amalgam, respectively in 15 molar teeth. After finishing and polishing, all samples were subjected to 1.000 times thermocycling with a dwell time of 30 s at 5 ± 2 oC, and 55 ± 2 oC. Then, teeth were mounted in acrylic resin to a depth of 2 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction, and force was applied to all samples in a universal testing machine until fracture occurred. The results obtained after fracture were analyzed using the Shapiro-wilk and one-way ANOVA tests. According to these results, the difference between groups 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3 and 2-4 was statistically significant (P
    Keywords: Fracture resistance, amalgam, posterior composite
  • Adebayo Ibikunle *, Abdurrazaq Taiwo, Ramat Braimah, Ramat Braimah, Kabir Abdullahi, Michael Adeyemi Page 67
    Solitary bone plasmacytoma belongs to a group of lymphoproliferative clinical disorders typified by clonal proliferation of plasma cells. Solitary plasmacytoma typically involves a single bone or extramedullary site. It commonly occurs in the vertebrae or thorax, and rarely involves the mandible. The aim of this report is to present a rare case of solitary plasmacytoma of the jaws mimicking periodontal disease. A solitary plasmacytoma involving the right mandibular ramus/angle was observed in a 60-year-old woman, which was a coincidental finding following persistent excessive post-extraction hemorrhage. The patient was referred for radiotherapy, and subsequent follow up has been uneventful. Although solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible is a rarity, it may occur nonetheless. It may mimic periodontal disease; hence clinicians should have a high index of suspicion when managing patients.
    Keywords: Solitary bone plasmacytoma, lymphoproliferative disorders, mandible