نشریه سیاست نامه علم و فناوری
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 17، زمستان 1395)

The direct conversion of solar energy in to electricity without the mediation, say solar electricity technology . In recent years due to lack of power generation resources and fossil fuels pollution, have been extended Countries in the world to use solar energy to supply electricity. The aim of this study was to determine the status of patents related to this field in the world. In this research, all bibliography information of solar electricity technology patent that during the years 1985 to 2016 US patent, have been recorded and analyzed. This study was conducted to review the inventions registered in 31 years at international level and in different countries, regions and finally determine the position of the different countries in this groundbeaking invention, the status of the countries specified in this field.

Today, the use of information technology contributes to increasing employee knowledge and enriching the content of their jobs, while identifying the optimal combination of IT services for agility is essential. The main purpose of this study is to review the information technology on production and service organizations. This is a practical study and it uses a descriptive-survey performing method. It is based on library studied and field research by using questionnaire in Agriculture research, education and promotion of Agriculture Jihad Ministry that the number of random samples was 205 person. To search studied variables dimensions and construct validity was used confirmatory factor Analysis, also to test the hypotheses was used from Structural Equation Modeling. The results of the present research show that information technology has a significant impact on promoting agility of production and service organizations. In this way, among the four organizational agility variables which has been studied in this research, information technology has the greatest impact on organizational competence promotion variable.

Many organizations in the implementation of strategies or management of their own operations have been unsuccessful. This is not due to the imperfect definition of the strategy, rather is because of absence a coherent framework to link and align strategy and operational plans. To solve this problem, it can be useful to use tools efficiently such as the balanced scorecard. In this paper, a closed loop management system, is used as a comprehensive framework to link operations plans with strategy. It provides a field for successful implementation of the balanced scorecard to align strategies, goals, programs and operations in organizations. The proposed method is applied in the Vice- Chancellor›s Office in Food and Drug Affairs at Rafsanjan University Medical Sciences.

«Interdisciplinarity» is a key issue at the level of scientific research and based on that, consensus happen in the new compounds. «Convergence» is a macro trend that can be seen in all technologies and products globally. However, convergence is still in transition level from the single-discipline and removing the technological frontiers. Convergence occurs on the basis of a series of events: in the first step, scientific disciplines and then, technologies and markets combine; finally, evolves with the convergence of industries. The term «converging technologies» is assigned an important role in the process of science and technology policymakers. The convergence of nano, bio and info technologies and cognitive science have major role in outlining the economic, social and industrial infrastructure of the future. This article with the aim of raising awareness of policy makers, researchers and business leaders about the possible outcomes of convergence science and technology, discuss about the relationships between the disciplines, convergence of science, technological convergence and convergence measures.

Entering the era of technology and domination of the Internet as an example of the of information and communication technology on this era have affected the human life of new era; But undoubtedly all parts of the world have not benefited equally from the technological and digital possibilities and this creates a huge gap between advantaged and disadvantaged countries; the gap that despite huge investments and governments efforts to fix, still has gripped some parts of the world. Digital literacy as one of the ways to settle this gap, involving skills that helps digital citizens- as people who must be familiar with security, legal and ethical behaviors to use digital technologies- to match their knowledge with era of information and achieve the highest utilization from the least physical facilities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the situation of the digital
divide in the current era and to provide some solutions to reduce this gap among digital citizens, therefore by explaining the concepts of digital literacy and digital divide, the causes of the digital divide are investigated and finally some solutions including setting up instructional programs, cultural domination practices and using the experiences of the pioneer countries are presented in order to settle this gap.

Developmental State as a connector of two concepts of state and development exists many years before considering it in academic literature of development. Simultaneously with impressive growth of Asian tigers and also Failure of market-based theories and new Utilitarianism school and Neoliberalism in many of the countries and renewed attention to the role of government in the economy and the new institutionalism study of Developmental state is considered to Scholars of political science, social, economic and management. In the present study, firstly we are studying the formation, characteristics and history of developmental state. After this matter, scholars tried to studing the future of developemental states under golabalization space of the world. After this study two statements continuation of current and proposition more radical leaving existing models be presented and trying to provided the possible characteristics of Developmental state of 21 century.

In a seminal 1989 article, Douglass North and Barry Weingast argued that by making the monarch more answerable to Parliament, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 helped to secure property rights in England and stimulate the rise of capitalism. Similarly, Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson later wrote that in the English Middle Ages there was a ‘lack of property rights for landowners, merchants and proto-industrialists’ and the ‘strengthening’ of property rights in the late 17th century ‘spurred a process of financial and commercial expansion’. There are several problems with these arguments. Property rights in England were relatively secure from the 13th century. A major developmental problem was not the security of rights but their feudal nature, including widespread ‘entails’ and ‘strict settlements’. 1688 had no obvious direct effect on
property rights. Given these criticisms, what changes promoted the rise of capitalism? A more plausible answer is found by addressing the post-1688 Financial and Administrative Revolutions, which were pressured by the enhanced needs of war and Britain’s expanding global role. Guided by a more powerful Parliament, this new financial system stimulated reforms to landed property rights, the growth of collateralizable property and saleable debt, and thus enabled the Industrial Revolution.