نشریه ادب عربی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 17، بهار و تابستان 1396)

Rhetoric with different types of different aspects of the text and the hypertext of the work is investigated by microbiology and aims to provide a cognition of the features of the effect and manner or how to create it in the construction and the textbook exclusive to the creator of the work Is.This kindof Stylistics from the past, in the classical and modern studies, is the basis of the discussion of literary works and is carried out at three levels of language, content and rhetoric. In the present research, the rhetorical style of the collection of the grave of my grave (2009), The work of Yaḥyā Samāwy, the contemporary poet, was the basis for discussion. With the discussion in the text of this collection, we find that the components of the poet's rhetorical style in this collection are as follows: contradictory expression, symbolism, the use of legacies in the form of telemoments, conceptual desensitization, tendency to the expressions of simile And metaphorical visualization, each of which has a particular function for the poet in this collection. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of the great aspects of the poet's rhetoric in the collection.

The present study investigated the novel Druze of Belgrade in the shadow of cognitive semantics. This research aims at determining how cognitive semantics functions in polysemic analysis through investigating the meanings of some polysemic words in Arabic. Accordingly, ten words used in the novel with various meanings, were selected and after analysis of their meanings based on the Lakoff and Brugman’s theory survaing the validity of this theory were proved. This theory claims that polysemy is one of the fundamental features of the word and is the result of metaphorical extension of the prototype meaning of the word and is not the production of using word in a particular context. Moreover, it states that the metaphorical extension is the meaning of root prototype in the nature of man's relationship with the outside world and it has an experimental basis. The efficacy of considering the elements of this approach including visual schema, radial category and prototype was proved in finding the correct meaning of polysemic words in Arabic language that is a new step to further improve quality of translation.

The book of Al-ain Khalil ibn Ahmad Farāhidi (100- 170 AH) is one of the most important sources of the Islamic period. Exploring the citations of this book is important especially in it's poetie instances. The purpose of this research is to assess the validity of this book in referring to the texts, especially the first religious texts. . Analytical statistical analysis of this research shows that Farahidi in collecting this book and describing its words, used a variety of Quran, poetry and hadith. This study has sought to accomplish such an objective. The statistical and content analyses revealed that despite its strong points such as comprehensive documentations, profound Quranic influences, reliance on the element of time (history) in bringing poetic examples, etc. the dictionary also suffers from some pitfalls such as lack of enough attention to the verification of the hadiths, frequent selection of poetic examples from the poetry of the Najd tribes, with fewer examples chosen from the poetry of tribes in Mecca and Medina, where the revelations to the prophet of Islam took place.

repetition is the basic fundamentals of inside music in poetry. repetition in poetry is emphasis on certain phrases of poetry that poet attent more than any other words and phrases and hence contains Special musical and conceptual implications. In this paper we describe the analytical method, repeating pattern in Badavi al-Jabal poetry as one of the elements inside music. In the study of repetition methods determined that types of replication in his poetry, is closely associated with images and implications and source of motivate audience's emotions and repeating in his poetry is inextricably linked with the sense of overall space and serves internal system poem. Poet by musical repeating reconstructs some of his poetry images as it implies a double meaning poetry Badavi al-Jabal Using repeated addition of musical creation accumulated emotions of our own conscience reveals and serverd rhythm of speech In line with itsand thus affects the lives and hearts of the audience.

The psychological concept of self-fascination, aka narcissism, is a highly vivid display in the poems of Ahmad al-Sāfi al-Najafi. The spread of this concept in Sāfi’s poems is due to the sufferings in his life, especially during childhood. This article attempts to provide a vivid definition of narcissism while evaluating its emerging factors in al-Sāfi al-Najafi’s character and literary works, and yet examining this concept in multiple layers in his poetry. Focusing on descriptive-analytical approach, authors of this research have thoroughly approached four different layers of narcissism concept in his poetry and have studied relevant samples to each one. These four layers are respectively labeled as: Egoism or individual narcissism, Narcissism against ordinary folks, Narcissism against other poets, and Narcissism against critics. The purpose of this category has been to provide a psychological framework for analyzing the intensity of the reaction of Sāfi’s egotistical character to several levels of heterogeneity with the outside world. Accordingly, the poet’s self-fascination increases parallel to the audience’s disagreement surge.

Modern poetry comes to use narration and all literature technicalities. modern poetry is rooted from these elements to make the text flexible and open to new ideas. For expressing themselves, the poets have used prose poem which is based on narrative and it's techniques. Habib al-sāmer, an Iraqi poet, is one of the poets who have utilized narrative elements in their poems. This study is an attempt to sift narrative structure in this ode and to explain the effect of this structure in reaching the technical depth of inductive point. Too, we worked on the narrative structure in this ode by zooming on a group of elements that formed the narrative text structure. That is reachable through narrative shows which can be found in Cronotopy atmosphere, personification, polyphony, narrator, and incident, and explanation, cinematic pick. At the end we concluded that our poet in this special ode went beyond poetic formats and took a narrative language based on interpretation. He used these narrative elements to create an open text based on other literary genres for expressing thought and sense. Also, he used a modern method in line with modern time and its thought and technical changes.

Nostalgia or feeling nostalgic is a term to convey a state of depression and regretting a past that one has lost at her or his present time. “Abū Firās Al-Hamedāni”, one of the 4th century poets, because of his special circumstances in his life’s period, was tended to this kind of poetry and in a romantic mood, escaping from hard conditions of life, he had took refuge to his pleasant past time. Therefore, a part of his poetries has been dedicated to nostalgic thoughts. Surveying this group of “Abū Firās’s” poetries, in addition to depiction of their literary – artistic beauties, more accurate recognition from his life, thought and life matters will achieve. This study is to define how different nostalgic themes were manifested in “Abū Firās’s” poetry with a descriptive – analytic method. Some of The results of this study reveal that the most outstanding poetries of “Abū Firās” with the theme of nostalgic grief and regretting the past are “Rūmiyāt”, which depicted his grief and sorrow of homesickness and his period of captivity. Also his personal failures and political – social disapprove, were other motivations that create nostalgic structure of his poetry.

The expression of novel in literature deals with various literary works whose corner-stones are being written in prose, being like a story and its length. The main elements that convey the theme of a novel are its characters. A novel is an indicator of the behaviours and states of the characters whose unique names and characteristics in an outside world have substitutes that indicate the fate of other members of the society for the reader. The writer of the novel creates the characters from an example of real mankind and tries to indicate their reactions to the deeds and behaviors of themselves and other characters. In a word, it creates an example of a real mankind with all its mental and emotional characteristics. Therefore, in order to create a valuable literary work, he should have enough skills in terms of characterization. The present study is an attempt to indicate the effort of Najib Mahfūz, the famous and contemporary Egyptian novelist, to the element of character and different ways of characterization in his literary works that in this investigation, this phenomenon is just examined in the novel “al-Lis va al-kilāb”. The main motivation in the selection of this character and novel is the place of this literary work in Arabic story writing because some people consider it as a corner-stone in Arabic story writing. This study first investigated the definition and place of character in literature and after enumerating different types of characters and different methods of characterization, the novel will be investigated based on the above mentioned criteria.

The comparison between the views of Ibn Malik, in Alfiya, and his son, Ibn al-Nazim, in Sharh Ibn al-Nazim ‘ala alfiyat Ibn Malik, is one of the most important morphological and grammatical issues in the Arabic grammer. Alfiya (ÃáÝیÉ ÇÈä ãÇá˜) is a rhymed book of Arabic grammar written by Ibn Malik in the 13th century. Sharh Ibn al-Nazim ‘ala alfiyat Ibn Malik is considered one of the best commentaries which has been written on Alfiya, because the author of this commentary was the son of the Ibn Malik. Ibn al-Nazim, the son of Ibn Malik, was one of the most Arab prominent grammarians who have learned Arabic grammar straightly from his father. The alfiyat Ibn Malik and its explanation also help students and investigators in their morphological and grammatical studies. So this thesis seeks to compare the views of Ibn Malik, in Alfiya, and his son, Ibn al-Nazim, in Sharh Ibn al-Nazim ‘ala Alfiyat Ibn Malik. From this point of view, the study aims at comparing their opinions and the differences between their opinions on the morphological and grammatical issues. It should be also noted that the approach taken in this article is the analytical approach. The most important finding of the research is that the differences of opinion between them are less than ten, and the most important of these views are as follows: the communication of pronouns of Nasikheh verbs, the connection of “lyta”, “La‘alla”, “Qad” and “Qat” with “Noon al-viqayah” and issue of Title and Nickname….

Implicit Metaphor is one of the disputable matters in Arabic eloquence which rhetoric's scholars have talked about in detail. Regarding this matter, there are at least four viewpoints: predecessor's viewpoint, Khatib Qazwini's viewpoint, Sakkaki's viewpoint, and Isam al-Din Esfaraini's one. Sakkāki's viewpoint has attracted many explainers and scholar's attention and they tried to interpret and remove its contradictions with different methods. Baleki also tried to describe the Sakkaki's viewpoint of implicit metaphor and to interpret it, so that he could reduce its flaws but his research is subject to criticism too.The researcher in this paper, after throwing light on this hypothesis, compares it to other view regarding the implicit metaphor and puts it in the crucible of criticism and dispute. Within the results found in this research, we can point to that Baleki has guesstimated in every metaphor two similes, one is direct and the other opposite, and the word usage in the second simile is metaphorical not real. Therefore, it is not erroneous to regard an implicit metaphor as a verbal metaphor, so Baleki could reply opposing questions regarding Sakkaki's viewpoint. Another result of this research is that, though Baleki's viewpoint toward implicit metaphor is similar to that of Esfaraini who considered it as an opposite simile, but contrary to his view, Baleki could differentiate between explicit and implicit metaphors while the former one had regarded implicit metaphor a subdivision of the explicit one.

There is no doubt that quranic description and expression includes forms and artistic secrets that shows Quran is literary and purposeful speech. This fact gives beauty, attraction,lastingness and eternity to quran text. likely, among the clearest features’ coherence phenomenon and semantic showing are complete and extensive. This subject along the rationality of grammer and Structural system of words and richness of lexicon and its exactness in expressing the ultimate meaning is exposed.This study by using of descriptive-analytical method along the focus on Tajvid science data aims at survey the implied meaning of vowels’coherence in Al-Imran chapter (sura).This study cleared the mentioned chapter has purposeful coherence in its verses’ intonation. Therefore, repetition is one of the most important elements in increasing the artistic coherence and peripheral meanings. Mean while, these meaning come from the vowels’ coherence that emphasize to their features and their combination to each other. Then, artistic coherence can be found as the clearest form among the different forms like eloquence.

the music is an essential element of poetry and is one of the most prominent techniques used by poets in the construction of their poems, from here, this research examines this element in the poems of Nizar Qabbani, based on descriptive-analytical method. We studied the rhythmic phenomena on both aspect: the first is what is called external music, where we analyzed scansions and rhymes and we understood that the poet invested the rhythm of the “Kamil” meter, and he have been published many of his technical experiences in this metre; because it is one of the most poetic lyric poetry. It has also become clear that the absolute rhymes - rhymes connected to soft character- are predominant on the restricted rhymes and it was characterized with the voices (Alif, Vav and Ya) which are the most appropriate sounds for the purpose of description and singing. The results indicate that the implication was used only for the purpose of organic unity and the unity of the psychological atmosphere and he also resorted to repetition technique to enhance the rhythmic structure of his poetic texts but the main purpose of intellectual music is creating a kind of invention and innovation.

Story poetry is a literary genre which portraits given phenomenon in the story frame. Though this genre of poetry functionally and formally was well known at historical Arabic poetry but Mutrānrebuilt it by imitating western literary movements. This paper concentrates on the narrative poems of Khalil Mutran studying social-historical aspects by analyzing his main poems by using sociological criticism. Mutran through historical projection encourage oppressed nations to revolt against ignominy and tyranny reign in Arab worlds and created in them mobility in sake of illustrious future. Mutrān took his poetic themes from reality of people’s life to reform Arab society and enunciated for ideal life full of morality. Mutran poems had two explanatory aspects: 1-political aspects embodied in resisting to eastern autocratic rule of Othmani- Arabic. 2- Changing of Arabic lyrics from its inheritable and classic form to the individualism and dynamism frame.

Being repeated for 43 times and having 5 semantic implications, “Salām” is a Quran term through it God greeted his prophets and ordered human beings to greet each other accordingly. The term has been used in Quran in various morphological structures and syntactic implications. The current article aims at analyse the diacritical dimensions and morphological structures of the term and to discover its semantic relation in order to find the reason for the differences, using analytic methods. The perspective of the article is to compare Sheikh Tūsi's viewpoints to those of others. It concluded that the text of the Surah and the kind of its addressees influences directly the morphological formation of the term as well as its implications. Sometime in one verse with one style we see two sides of Arab which says one of the aspect of structure miracles of Quran and evaluation literary of that in district of grammar and eloquence come in this article.

Symbol has always had a significant role in contemporary Arab literature, particularly in poetry of resistance; as we always see the frequent use of symbolic terms and words in it. Symbols let the poet to see what others cant, and enable them to go deep in the experiences of life and understand the facts, and also get to the root of concepts and topics.One of these symbols being center of attention for poets of resistance is olive and they have continuously used it in their poems as a sign of resistance of Palestinians against the Zionist’s invasion. Olive stands for many different concepts and topics. Some of these concepts are invaded land, Palestinian resistance, encouraging a revolution and Intifada, farms of Arabs in Palestine, peace, report, Arab anger in Palestine, birth, sanctity, the folk culture of Palestine, homelessness of Palestinians, poetic inspiration, superiority and glory, patience and resistance and freedom and etc. Olive’s ever green colour is also the symbol of life and continuous resistance. On the other hand, these concepts and other olive related topics in poetry of resistance indicate that intensity and verity of olive meanings is the result of amazing vitality of resistance poets and their love to their land. Relying on some poem samples and descriptive-analytic way, this research addresses the concepts and different topics of olive in resistance poetry.

One of the most important kinds of ironies is verbal irony which has been utilized in the level, and in this oral method which words meaning, consciously and unconsciously, opposite their real meaning. it is a type of bidirectional and contradictory state in the speech in which words and surface structures lose their dictionary meaning and, implicitly and ironically, are opposite to the narrator’s intended speech. this kind of irony which in Arab literature is known as verbal irony has been applied ridiculously and satirically which some of its uses can be seen in Jāhiz’s fables. This paper investigates the narrations of Albukhala using descriptive-analytical method and evaluates Jāhiz’s wording in describing the parsimonious people and their characteristics from the view of verbal irony in the template of mock, sarcasm, humor, pseudo humor and etc. in order to ridicule the parsimonious people and criticize his contemporary community.