نشریه روان پرستاری
سال پنجم شماره 5 (پیاپی 23، آذر و دی 1396)

This study aimed at examining the effects of teaching self-determination skills on the optimistic explanatory style and academic identity of primary male students with learning disabilities in Ahwaz city, Iran.
The present study was a field experimental study with pre-test/post-test and follow-up. The sample consisted of 27 primary male students with learning disabilities who were enrolled in the academic year of 2013-2014. The participants were selected using the random sampling method, and randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control. Data were collected using the Children’s Attribution Style Questionnaire-Revised (CASQ-R) and Academic Identity Scale (AIS). Before teaching self-determination to the experimental group, the pre-tests of the optimistic explanatory style and academic identity were administrated to both groups. Then, the teaching package of self-determination was administered to the experimental group and no training was provided to the control group. After the completion of the course, the optimistic explanatory style and academic identity post-tests were administrated to both groups and seven weeks later were administrated again.
Results showed that teaching self-determination significantly increased the optimistic explanatory style (P

Elderliness is a stage of the life process after midlife, which is associated with psycho-emotional problems, dependency to others, loneliness and decreased physical abilities. Aerobic exercises help elderly in focusing, decreasing anxiety and experiencing positive emotions. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the effect of aerobic exercises on reducing loneliness and promoting the level of happiness in elderly.
In this experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group, 30 elderly (age > 60) were selected through simple random sampling among elderly in the region 8 of Tehran and equally assigned into the two groups of experimental and control (n = 15, each group). Data were collected using the questionnaires of Rossel and Fergosen loneliness and Oxford happiness. Aerobic exercises treated on participants in the experimental group in 10 group sessions and after that, loneliness and happiness were measured in posttest and the data were analyzed using MANCOVA.
Results showed that aerobic exercises can significantly reduce loneliness and promote the level of happiness of elderly (P The results provide some evidence to suggest that aerobic exercises can be an appropriate motor-therapy technique for reducing loneliness and promoting happiness in elderly. Therefore, in order to reduce loneliness and promote happiness in the elderly, it may be useful for the elderly to be encouraged to do daily aerobic exercises.

An ideal marriage is a lifelong commitment. As marriage is the only form of relationship where sexual relationship is expected, much emphasis is made bout marital sexuality and monogamy. Those who do not have sufficient sexual interactions with their partners might engage in other options, such as ending the relationship and seeking other relationships to fulfill their need. The aim of the current research was to predict sexual dysfunction based on sexual self-esteem and intimacy with spouse among female college students with and without sexual dysfunction disorder.
The research method was correlational and predictive. The statistical population included all married female students of universities of Ahvaz in the academic year of 2016 to 17 among whom 270 students were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and using the purposive-available sampling method. The participants replied to Rosen's Female Sexual Function Index, Zeanah and Schwarz's Sexual Self-esteem Scale, and Walker and Thompson's Intimacy Scale. For data analysis, discriminant analysis method and SPSS-23 software were used.
Results indicated that linear combination of research variables could differentiate between sexual dysfunction among students and discriminant analysis showed that sexual intimacy and self-esteem were the best criteria for distinguishing females with sexual dysfunction from those without sexual dysfunction, respectively (P According to the results, sexual dysfunction could be prevented among couples with appropriate training to increase sexual self-esteem and intimacy.

Spinal cord injury includes a range of disabilities for patients. One of the main concerns of these patients is the ability to adapt to various tasks of daily life. Thus, the present research aimed at investigating the role of social support, sleep quality, and fatigue in people with spinal cord injury.
Overall, 157 people with Spinal Cord Injury referring to Welfare Organization of Khorramabad city completed the Daily Living Self-Efficacy Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Fatigue Symptom Inventory, and the Sleep Quality Scale. Data were analyzed using path analysis and the Boot Strap method.
The results showed that social support and sleep quality both directly and through emotional and physical dimensions of fatigue influenced daily life self-efficacy. In summary, social support, sleep quality, and fatigue explained 43% of daily life self-efficacy variance.
These findings showed that social support and sleep quality in patients with spinal cord injury affect fatigue and thus, are related to the feeling of efficacy in people with spinal cord injury.

Schizophrenia is a severe and disabling disorder which, along with its negative effects on a patients, has numerous negative impacts on primary caregivers of these patients and can cause anxiety in them. Metacognitive therapy as one of the most effective therapies is used for treating a wide range of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to examine the effect of group metacognitive therapy on level of anxiety in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia.
This clinical trial was followed by a pretest-posttest design with a control group. Among all caregivers of patients with schizophrenia hospitalized at 22nd Bahman Hospital in Qazvin, 60 individuals were selected using a simple random sampling method. Finally, considering the inclusion criteria, 45 individuals were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental (23 individuals) and control (22 individuals) groups. Since three people from the experimental group abandoned the study, the number of participants placed in each group decreased to 20 people. With six-day intervals, the experimental group took part in ten 90-minute group metacognitive therapy sessions developed by Wells. However, during this time, no therapeutic interventions were conducted on the control group. Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used as an assessment tool in the pretest, posttest, and the two-month follow-up. Data were analyzed via SPSS 23 using descriptive statistics and mixed between-within subjects ANOVA (repeated measures analysis of variance).
Results of the present study demonstrated that after conducting the metacognitive therapeutic intervention, a mean score of state-trait anxiety obtained by the experimental group significantly decreased compared to that of the control group (P 0.05), which showed the continuation of therapy effectiveness until the follow-up.
The caregivers of schizophrenic patients who underwent the metacognitive therapy obtained lower anxiety scores compared to the control group. Therefore, the results suggests that this therapy may lead to a decrease in anxiety among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia.

Identifying risk factors of recurrent relapses interval durations in patients with schizoaffective disorder in order to increase the intervals of relapses is important. Controlling the disorder procedure in this recursive disorder is one of the treatment stages. This study aimed to identify some risk factors of recurrent relapses intervals in patients with schizoaffective disorder.
Medical records of 212 treated patients with schizoaffective disorder in Tehran Razi Mental Center were investigated. In addition to the recurrent relapses and hospital discharge times, factors including gender, marital status, education, and history of substance abuse, alcohol and psychedelic pills usage were also investigated as possible influential factors in the process. Gap time recurrent frailty model of survival analysis was fitted to the data and model parameters were estimated using EM algorithm with R3.2.1 software.
Of the patients, 74.5%, 33% and 67% were male, single and with history of smoking, respectively. Frailty parameter was significant (θ = 0.232, P = 0.021). Gender (P Significance of the frailty parameter indicated that the impact of entered individual factors on relapse intervals in patient with schizoaffective disorder was unmeasurable. Male patients indicated 0.78 times more than females, illiterates 0.9 times less than those with diplomas, singles 0.83 times more than married people, psychotropic pills consumers 0.91 times and alcohol consumers 0.83 times more than others, and self-employed people, housewives and unemployed ones experienced subsequent relapses 0.85, 0.81 and 0.83 times faster.

Family by sharing common beliefs helps its members to deal with critical situations and have a positive outlook in mind. In line with the important function of a family in coping with problems, people's spiritual orientation also plays a decisive role in the acceptance of the problems and compatibility with them. This study aimed to compare the performance of family and spiritual health in women with the breast cancer, breast cancer-treated women and their healthy counterparts.
In this case-control study, 50 women with breast cancer, 50 breast cancer-treated women and 50 healthy women were selected by purposeful sampling from Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital in Tehran and were compared in terms of spiritual well-being and family functioning. The data collection tool was a questionnaire of spiritual health and family functions. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance by the SPSS 22 software.
Results showed that components of problem solving, communication and roles in the variables of family function, existential well-being and the total score of spiritual well-being of women under the breast cancer treatment were significantly lower than the other two groups of women stopping the treatment and the healthy women (P The family function and spiritual health directly and indirectly affects the mental health of patients with breast cancer and the process of physical recovery. According to these findings, providing family-therapeutic and spiritual therapy-based interventions to improve family function and increase spiritual well-being is among the research priorities.

Spirituality as one dimensions of human have an important role in health. Identification spiritual intelligence and spiritual care especially in nursing students as future health provider is very important. Thus this study aimed to determine relationship between spiritual intelligence and competences in providing spiritual care in nursing students.
This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 185 undergraduate nursing students selected through the census method. Data were collected using a personal demographic information form, Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire and the competences in providing spiritual care scale. Validity and reliability with internal consistency was conducted. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics in SPSS-16.
Spiritual intelligence and competences in providing spiritual care had a positive and significant relationship(r=0.23, p=0.001). Mean scores of spiritual intelligence was 116.18 ± 15.19 and mean scores of competences in providing spiritual care was 90.9±18.53. Students interested in nursing had a positive relationship with spiritual intelligence and competences in providing spiritual care (p According to the results intention to spiritual intelligence and humanity and spiritual capacities in nursing students as powerful point can provide better professional future in holistic care. Also entry of people interested to nursing can appeal attention of nursing students to spirituality and spiritual care for patients.