مجله زنان مامائی و نازائی ایران
سال بیستم شماره 9 (آذر 1396)

There is controversy about indwelling urinary catheter and the ideal time to remove it after cesarean delivery in different treatment centers. This study was performed with aim to determine the outcomes of urinary catheter removal 6 and 12-24 hours after cesarean delivery.
This randomized controlled trial was performed on 220 women who were candidate for cesarean delivery in Zahedan in 2014. Participants were randomly allocated to 2 groups (n=110 in each group) of removal of urinary catheter 6 hours and removal during 12-24 hours after cesarean delivery. The two groups were evaluated for postoperative outcome, length of hospital stay, possible complications and patient's satisfaction. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 18) and Chi -squared and T-tests. P There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of demographic characteristics and operation variables. In early removal group, time of first urination (p Removal of urinary catheter 6 hours after cesarean section has better outcomes than removal of it 12-24 hours after operation.

Poor eating habits are the cause of 20% cancers in developing countries. Proper nutrition, not smoking and regular physical activity are the main components of prevention of chronic diseases. Therefore, attention to proper nutrition is necessary. This study was performed with aim to evaluate determinants of proper nutrition behaviors in women.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 365 women aged 18-60 years old at Bojnord in 2016. Data were collected using health promotion model questionnaire. The collected data included individual characteristics, perceived self-efficacy, emotions, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, interpersonal influencers, status influencers, commitment to action plans, and behaviors outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 24) and Independent t, Chi-square, Correlation coefficient, One-way ANOVA, Spearman correlation and linear regression tests. P Proper nutrition behaviors in women were significantly associated with the factors such as education (p = 0.04), marital status (p = 0.03) and income level (p The present study showed the effectiveness of health promotion model in predicting proper nutrition behaviors in women, thus, this model can be used as a framework for designing educational interventions.

Society health is dependent on providing women’s health, economic and cultural needs. Menopause is a women’s period of life which has a particular importance in reproductive health and appropriate educational program is needed to improve their sexual satisfaction. Therefore this study was performed with aim compare the effect of individual and group education on sexual satisfaction in postmenopausal women.
This randomized clinical trial was performed on 60 postmenopausal women in Andimeshk from 2014-2014. The subjects were placed in 2 groups with 30 members as individual and group education. Individual education program was implemented in 4 educational sessions for 60 minutes (once a week) as individually and group education program in 4 educational sessions for an hour (once a week) in 10 members groups for a month. Sexual satisfaction questionnaire was completed by both groups, one and four weeks after the end of the educations. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21), using independent t-Test, Mann-Whitney Test, Repeated measures analysis, Friedman Test and Chi-square test. P 4 weeks after intervention, the mean score of sexual satisfaction was significantly different in the women of group and individual education (p With regard to the increase of sexual satisfaction in group education compared to individual education, it is recommended that group education method be used for improving the women’s quality of sexual life in menopausal period.

According to the relationship between the lifestyle, health and non-transmitted diseases, changing the pattern of lifestyle can have positive effects on health. However, the effect of lifestyle and the incidence of diseases caused by obesity and its related disorders are not well known. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of combining resistance training and curcumin usage on lipid profile in inactive overweight and obese women.
This randomized clinical trial was performed at second semester of the academic year of 2013-2014 on 40 students (from the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad) of inactive women at age range of 20-35 years and healthy with cholesterol close to the risk domain and BMI: 28-32 kg/m2. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups of 10 cases: control, training-placebo, curcumin, and training-placebo. The group of curcumin consumed 80 mg Nano-micelles curcumin/day for 8 weeks. The training groups also performed resistance training three sessions per week for a total of eight weeks. Data on lipid profile were collected using blood tests. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 18), and variance analysis, Kruskal-Wallis, Covariance analysis and Scheffe test. P After eight weeks of exercise, serum concentration of triglycerides significantly decreased in the group of training in combination with curcumin compared to the curcumin group (p =0.027) with group. No significant difference was observed in the concentration of VLDL-c (P= 0.389), HDL-c, (p=0.205), LDL-c (p=0.503) and cholesterol (p=0.335) after combining resistance exercise and using curcumin.
Resistance training and curcumin do not reinforce each other's effect on reducing lipid profile. The response of lipid profile to training and curcumin was not similar. According to this, both training and consumption curcumin and their combination on some lipid profile indicators had a desirable effect, recommended that overweight girls use preventive measures for each of these interventions.

Pregnant women use medicinal herbs for different reasons, and there is a belief that medicinal herbs are safe and without side effects, while medicinal herbs have side effects or drug interactions for the mother. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the prevalence of medicinal herbs consumption in pregnant women referring to Bojnurd health care centers.
This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 350 pregnant women referring to Bojnurd health care centers in 2015. Data about the type of herbs, the cause of consumption, knowledge and practice of people about the use of herbs were collected by a questionnaire. Data was analyzed SPSS software (version 20) and t-test and Chi-square test. P 222 (63.40%) of pregnant women had used medicinal herbs. The most common reason was common cold and the most used medicinal herbal was mint. 117 (53.40%) of the participants had obtained the information from the family and 139 (62.90%) had provided the medicinal herbs from the medicinal herb shops (Attari). There was a statistically significant relationship between the use of medicinal herbs and husband's occupation and education (p Due to the high consumption rate of medicinal herbs by pregnant women in Bojnurd, and also the fact that this area is rich in medicinal herbs; it is necessary that pregnant women be more trained and aware about medicinal herbs by Health care providers.

Menopause symptoms can have harmful effects on women's life and affect their quality of life. Most of post-menopausal women have turned to complementary medicine therapies such as herbal therapy and the use of phytoestrogens for compatibility with menopausal symptoms. This study was performed with aim to assess the effect of fennel as a phytoestrogen in treatment of menopausal physical symptoms.
This clinical randomized trial was performed in 2016 on 90 post-menopause women aged 45-60 years in Tehran. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of fennel and placebo. Women in fennel group received 8 weeks of treatment with daily two 100mg fennel soft capsules and in placebo group with two 100 mg sun flower oil capsules. The menopausal physical symptoms were measured by the physical part of Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 14) and Independent t-test and Paired t-test. P The two groups were similar in menopausal physical symptoms before the intervention. But, after 8 weeks of the intervention, Independent t-test showed that menopausal physical symptoms after the intervention were significantly decreased compared to before the intervention (P0.05).
Fennel is effective in reducing menopausal physical symptoms without any serious side effect. More researches are needed to definite the results of this study.

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) is determined as the loss of more than two consecutive pregnancies. Several factors are involved in causing RPL. Any disorder in function of immune system leads to fetus rejection. Lymphoid-Tyrosine-Phosphatase (LYP) which is encoded by PTPN22 gene plays a pivotal role in regulation of immune responses; recently, the polymorphism of rs2488457 which is located in the promoter region of the PTPN22 gene has been discovered. This polymorphism is able to disrupt the balance of immune system by changing the PTPN22 gene expression. Since retaining the balance of immune system is of particular importance for successful pregnancy, this study was performed with aim to compare the frequency of rs2488457 polymorphism between RPL patients and normal women.
This case-control study has been conducted in 2015 on 200 recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) patients and 200 normal individuals resorting to the infertility center of Yazd. The PCR-RFLF procedure was carried out to investigate the genotypes and the Chi-squared test was performed to inspect the rs2488457 variant frequency. The SPSS version 19 and chi-squared test were used to analyze the obtained data. p The frequency of rs2488457 polymorphism was higher in RPL patients than normal women, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.162).
The rs2488457 polymorphism is not related to RPL.

Sexual satisfaction is a human physiological need which should be considered in transgendered people with Gender Dysphoria. This study was performed with aim to compare sexual satisfaction between those applied for sex reassignment and sex reassigned ones among clients of Fars Forensic Medicine Organization.
This descriptive comparative study was performed on 70 patients with gender identity disorder who were operated or not operated in Fars Province from 2011-2014. Data collection tool was Larson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and one-way covariance analysis test. P
The results of the statistical test indicated that the mean score of sexual satisfaction among sex reassigned group (88.02 ± 9.81) was significantly higher than those applied for sex reassignment (76.08±10.53) (P=0.001). According to the results of one-way analysis of covariance, there was a significant difference between two groups in terms of mean score of sexual satisfaction (P=0.001). Furthermore, the results indicated that interaction of gender, age, education, job, father and mother's job with independent variable had no significant effect on the dependent variable of sexual satisfaction.
Those applying for sex reassignment after carrying out sex change, gain sexual identity stability and more favorable conditions are provided to enjoy sexual behaviors. So, professional education and consultation by psychologists and psychiatrics seems to be very necessary for these people.

Since there are relationship between omega-3 and depressed mood in different studies, and Evening primrose oil is rich of omega, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of evening primrose oil on duration of postpartum blues among primiparous women.
This double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2012-2013 on 132 primiparous women referred to health centers of Ahvaz. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 66 cases to receive a daily dose of 1 gr of evening primrose oil capsule (intervention group) or similar oral gelatin capsule (control group) from the beginning of the 37th weeks of pregnancy up to two weeks postpartum. The samples were assessed by Edinburg standard test on days 4, 10 and 14th postpartum. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20), and statistical tests of independent t, Chi-square and repeated measures analysis tests. P
There was statistically significant difference between two groups regarding the duration of postpartum blues, so that the duration of postpartum blues in the intervention group was less than the placebo group (p=0.004). The mean of score Edinburgh test in the intervention group was significantly less compared to the control group on the 4th day (p = 0.0001), 10th day (p = 0.001) and 14th day postpartum (p = 0.08).
The use of evening primrose oil is effective in reducing the duration of postpartum blues.

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems of women that its treatment is using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but due to many complications are not acceptable. Considering analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of rosemary, this study was performed with aim to compare the effects of rosemary and Mefenamic Acid capsules on the duration of primary dysmenorrhea.
This double-blind clinical trial was performed on 90 students with primary dysmenorrhea in the School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad in 2016. To assess the pain intensity, VAS and duration of pain based on minutes were used. Research units were randomly assigned into two groups of 45 cases. One group received rosemary capsules 250 mg and the other group 250 mg Mefenamic Acid capsules during two cycles at first three days of menstruation every 8 hours. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 24) and Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney statistical tests. P Mean duration of pain in rosemary group in the control cycle from 131.49±18.52 minutes decreased to 95.83±18.43 and 83.76±10.33 minutes, respectively in the first and second cycle of the intervention, and in Mefenamic Acid group in the control cycle from 182.12±28.59 minutes decreased to 140./16±30.07 and 130.04±26.44 minutes, respectively in the first and second cycle of the intervention. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the first and second cycles of intervention (p >0.05).
Rosemary capsule is effective in reducing the duration of pain in primary dysmenorrhea and this plant can be used as a treatment method.

Pre-pregnancy obesity is an independent risk factor for adverse consequences of pregnancy. Increased awareness and sensitivity toward these consequences is the first step to promote preventive behaviors in this population. Extended parallel process model (EPPM) is known as a successful model in the prevention of health risky behaviors through raising awareness, sensitivity and self-efficacy of the people. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to compare traditional training (face to face) with Extended parallel process model (EPPM)-based Training on knowledge of obesity complications before pregnancy in women with high BMI.
This randomized clinical trial was performed with Multi-stage random sampling on 60 women referred to two health centers in Mashhad for pre-pregnancy counseling in 2015. For the experimental group, two training sessions were done by the researcher based on the model, and the control group received traditional training (face to face) by health care providers. Data collection tool was the questionnaire of concepts of model and knowledge of women from the risk of high weight before pregnancy which were completed before, two and four weeks after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and Independent T-test, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and ANOVA with repeated data were used. P Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the mean score of knowledge (P>0.05). But after the intervention, significant increase was observed in the mean score of knowledge in the experimental group compared to the control group after two weeks (P Extended parallel process model-based training can act more successful than traditional training (face to face) in promoting the knowledge of women with high body mass index.

Uterine Atony is the most common cause of postpartum bleeding and uterus contraction is associated with pain. Acupressure stimulates physiological functions of channels and in certain disease by management of symptoms and increasing the flow of energy causes balance in the inner function of the body. This study was performed with aim to assess the effect of acupressure on uterine tone and pain after delivery
This randomized double-blind clinical trial was performed in 2015 on 114 mothers with NVD in Omolbanin hospital. The subjects were randomly allocated into three groups of main acupressure, sham (placebo point), and control. In the main acupressure group, after newborn delivery and before placenta expulsion, 2 minutes pressure was applied on points CV6 and 4, and in sham acupressure group, less pressure was applied on 2 placebo points. There was no intervention in control group. The Research Assistant measured uterine tone using VAS immediately after placenta expulsion and during afterpain, at 1 and 2 hours after birth. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and Kruskal-Wallis, Variance analysis, and Chi-square tests. P Contracted uterine tone in the main acupressure group, right after placenta expulsion and at 1 and 2 hours post-delivery was %89.5, %86.8 and %86.8, respectively, and in sham acupressure group was %86.8, %84.2 and %89.5, respectively, and in control group was %81.6, %76.3 and %78.8, respectively. Despite it was more in the main group than the control group, but Kruskal-Wallis Test showed no significant difference in the three groups (P>0.05). Mean score of pain severity at 1 and 2 hours post-delivery in the main acupressure group was 8.9±17.5 and 4.6±11.9, respectively, and in sham acupressure group was 2.5±15.9 and 5.3±13.9, respectively, and in control group was 9.8±19.2 and 7.6±17.4. Despite that it was less in the main group than in the control group, Kruskal-Wallis Test showed no significant difference in the three groups (P>0.05).
Acupressure on main points has no effect on the uterine tone and pain at 1 and 2 hours post-delivery, but performing further studies are necessary to determine its effect on the tone and pain during the period under consideration.

Overweight and obesity are considerable challenge for pregnancy care. About 50% of women enter pregnancy with BMI above than 25kg/m2 that can be associated with increased risk in pregnancy. This study was performed with aim to determine the effect of 5A model on behavior change of physical activity in overweight pregnant women.
This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 120 overweight pregnant women referred to health centers of Urmia during 2015-2016. The control group received routine prenatal care, and intervention group received a face to face training program regarding physical activity based on self-management 5A model. This study was performed during 3 months in 5 steps of question, assessment, guidance, agreement, help, and follow-up. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and independent t, Chi-square, and covariance analysis tests. P The mean of total physical activity level in the control group at the start and the end of the intervention was 74.30 ± 38.89 and 60.37 ± 25.67 MET / min, respectively and in the intervention group was 88.32 ± 15.70 and 35.3 ± 117.30 ±35.14 MET / min, respectively. At the end of intervention, the difference of two groups in terms of physical activity and weight gain was significant. The mean of physical activity at the end of intervention was significantly different after the intervention (P The self-management intervention based on 5A model has an effective role in the changing of pregnant women's behavior and can lead to create motivation, attitude and behavioral modifications. Also it can help them to improve their weight gain according to guidelines through of managing their behavior and life style.