مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 9 (پیاپی 134، آذر 1396)

Obesity is a global epidemic that is increasing in middle and low income countries. Current study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and trend of obesity between 2000 - 2013.
The study was a systematic review and meta-analysis. The researchers searched in databases, including Web of science, Embase, Medline, WHO, Scopus and Persian databases, including Google scholar, SID, Magiran, and Iran Medex. Finally, 151 articles based on inclusion and exclution criteria included in this study.
In 2000-2013, the prevalence of obesity was 8.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9%-9%) overall, 5.5% (95% CI, 5.1%-6.0%) among The results showed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity have increased between 2000 to 2005 and 2006 to 2010; and from 2011 to 2013, this trend has decreased and the prevalence of obesity and overweight was greater in persons over 18 years than under 18 years in all three time.

The aim of the present research was to investigate the intervention of exercise and saffron supplement on predictors of cardiovascular diseases.
The present research was a semi-experimental and applied study. For this purpose, 40 sedentary women were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control, saffron supplement, resistance training-placebo, and resistance training-saffron extract groups. The subjects performed resistance training protocol for 12 weeks. Also, the supplement group received 40 mg of saffron extract. Anthropometric and experimental evaluations were done before and after 12 weeks as pre-test and post-test to investigate the supplement and training interventions. The statistical tests that were run in this study were one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD Post hoc test.
The results showed that there was not any significant difference between the different groups in all variables except triglyceride (P Resistance training with and without saffron supplement within 12 weeks is an efficient way to improve cardiovascular risk factors. Also, saffron supplement along with resistance training has relatively better and more efficient effects.

Low back pain is the most common reason for all physician visits and many people experience it during their life. The reason for this study was to show the frequency analysis of the causes of back pain and analyzing their association with some clinical and demographic findings.
This analytic cross sectional study was performed on the patients visited in the Clinics of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in 2013. Patients with low back pain due to paraclinical findings were included in the study.
200 patients were studied. The frequency of the causes of the pain were discopathy (54%), spondylolisthesis (13%), osteoarthritis (11%), canal stenosis (10%), fracture (7%) and tumor (1%), respectively. There was statistically significant between the causes of back pain and age (p=0.005) as well as the pain duration (p=0.000), but there was not found any significant association among back pain and sex, body mass index (BMI) and job activities.
The most common cause of specific back pain is discopathy and spondylolisthesis. This has to be considered in health care plans to control backache as a common health problem

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 with the destruction of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix not only facilitates the spread of cancer cells, but also with the release of growth factors and angiogenesis plays a key role in cancer cell survival and nutrition. The purpose of this study was to recognize the relation between the polymorphism of Matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene and risk of bladder cancer.
This case-control study included 157 patients with bladder cancer and 143 healthy controls who were age-matched. First, DNA extraction from peripheral blood and then PCR was performed using specific primers. Then, RFLP method was used to evaluate the MMP-1 (-1607) polymorphism.
There was no significant difference between the frequency of 1G/1G, 2G/2G allels (P˃0.05). There was no association between polymorphism and susceptibility to bladder cancer [OR:1.23, 95%CI (0.67-2.28),P=0.49].
Due to the lack of association between MMP-1 polymorphism (-1607) and the risk of bladder- cancer, it is suggested that other polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene will be investigated

Title: Evaluation of Haller’s Cell in Panoramic Radiography in Selected Iranian Population.
Background and The purpose of this study was to evaluate Haller cells in panoramic radiography in Iranian population. Examining the Haller cells in this radiography can be helpful in the differential diagnosis of Orofacial Pain.
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. 300 panoramic radiographyes were selected including 151 women and 149 men, that they were 18-68 years old. Radiographies were studied by Ahmad et al. Data were analyzed using version 17 of the SPSS software and the Fisher test.
The highest number of Haller cells (%33.33) was founded in the age group of 18- 28 years. The most common form was oval (%45/16) and the least, was cardiac (%1.5). The relationship between the shape and number of Haller cells was significant (P-value Haller cells have almost the same prevalence in both genders. The most common form of Haller cells was oval and one-sided, and left-handed. There was no significant difference in the existence of cavity in Haller cells.

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world. Due to the carcinogenic combinations of drug, there is a risk of mutagenic substances in consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the mutagenicity of opium by the Ames test.
Firstly, the purity of the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 was confirmed in terms of purity of mutagenic properties. Then, samples of opium were prepared separately in different volumes and by various repetitions and were added to the culture medium containing TA100 fresh night culture, after that subsequently were compared with negative control (distilled water TA100) samples. In that case, colonies were evaluated in terms of mutagenicity in three stages: without the buffer microsomal rat liver (S9) -without pre incubation, with S9– with pre incubation and with S9- without pre incubation. The colonies were evaluated by counting revertant TA100 colonies number. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and Schefe's post hoc test to determine and prioritize the difference in mean of groups based on opium dilution.
Results of data analysis and counting of revertant coloniesshowed that opium had mutagenic effect in over 4% dilution. There were significant differences in dilution and repetition of without S9- without pre incubation, with S9- with pre incubation and with S9 without pre incubation compared to the negative controls.
The results of this research showed that opium is fully and on all volumes has mutagenic effect. Therefore, we recommend taking these drugs should be avoided.

Obesity as one of the most important public health problems is growing worldwide and it is associated with many non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was investigating the prevalence of general obesity and central obesity and their related factors.
The data of this research were extracted from a population health survey of Yazd province, Iran (YaHS), which was conducted on 9911 adults aged 20-70 years in 2014-2015. Body Mass Index (BMI) The prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in both genders were 3.7 % (4.0% in men and 3.4% in women), 37.7% (39.9% in men and 35.6% in women), and 27 % (19.3% in men and 34.7% in women), respectively. The prevalence of abdominal obesity based on WC and WHR were 44.8 (23.9% in males and 65.4% in females) and 69.8% (69.4% in males and 70.2% in females), respectively. Gender (female), old age, being married for both genders, and low education in women were associated with an increase in both types of obesity.
Overweight and obesity have affected more than half of the population (64%) and abdominal obesity has high prevalence in Yazd

Physiological hypertrophy following training manifests with cardiac mass changes. In addition, physical activities lead to Hand2 gene expression as an important gene in cardiac remodeling. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of endurance and high intensity interval Ttraining on Hand2 gene expression and cardiac changes.
For this intent, 24 male rats (age 3 months; weight 229.30 ± 15.7 grams) divided randomly into the control (n=6), sham (n=6), interval (n=6) and endurance (n=6) groups. The endurance group swam for 12 weeks/5 days per week whereas swimming time increased incrementally. In addition, interval group swam 12 weeks/4 days per week while the load to body weight ratio and time to rest ratio increased incrementally. Twenty-four hours later, heart weight and left ventricle weight, and Hand2 gene expression were measured. To assess the data, one-way ANOVA was utilized and schaffe test was used to point out the place of significancy (α ≤ 0.05).
Findings showed that heart and left ventricle weights after endurance and high intensity interval training were significantly more than the sham and control groups. In addition, Hand2 expression was changed significantly in the endurance (6.76) and interval (6.15) rather than the sham (1.05) and control groups(1 fold).
In the situation of the present study, both of Endurance and Interval training regimens increase Hand2 gene expression, heart weight and left ventricle weight. Because of the shorter training time, high intensity interval training can be more beneficial to be executed.