فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، تابستان 1396)

Sustainable design (also called environmental design, environmentally sustainable design, environmentally conscious design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability. Generally speaking, Environmentally Sustainable Design endeavors to reduce the impacts of the construction on the natural environment, in addition to improving the comfort of inhabitants.
Human climatic comfort as an important factor of attending people in urban open spaces is one of the most effective varieties for creating Sustainable urban places in order to achieve viable lively social living in urban areas. Owing to the fact, improving the quality of life and human comfort should be taken into account by urban studies and urban experts. Thus, the importance of climatic studies connected to open space and utilizing the results to access a better spatial structure in urban projects is undeniable. In terms of climate comfort, there are several factors affect the human life and the responsiveness of urban spaces to the human needs. One of the most important factors of climate comfort is the airflow. In this regard, airflow defines as the motion of air passes through objects especially high-rise buildings. The amount of air can be measured by its volume or by its mass.
In this study, the optimum usage of air flow to improve the quality of climatic comfort around high-rise buildings has been taken into consideration. Actually, this research aims to apply the airflows for designing urban spaces especially in high-rise areas. In fact, the appropriate usage of airflows has been considered as an important approach of creating responsible urban space to meet the needs of human comfort. Hence, this paper tries to answer these questions: “How does wind behave around Ekbatan buildings?” And “In response to the human comfort, which forms are preferred regarding the existing air flow patterns in Ekbatan complex?”
Several studies about air flow’s effects and difficulties around high buildings have been conducted by researchers such as Arens (1981), Penwarden (1973), Aynsley (1976), Davenport (1976).In addition, in Iran ,Ranjbar (1389), Tahbaz (1370, 1386), Razjouyan (1372, 1386) carried out researches on architectural aerodynamic and airflow around urban blocks.
The research method of this paper is a practical analytics. Required information for this study is collected via observation, literature review, and documentaries. In this paper, three steps have been followed: First, The descriptive- annalistic method used for understanding the present situation. Second, Simulation technique (by ENVI-met software) employed to observe and analyze the relation between the shape of high-rise residential buildings and wind behavior in the case study. Third, a logical argumentation to reach the conclusion. ENVI-met is a three-dimensional microclimate model designed to simulate the surface – plant-air interactions in urban environment with a typical resolution of 0.5 to 10 min space and 10 sec in time. Typical areas of application are Urban Climatology, Architecture, Building Design or Environmental Planning, just to name a few. ENVI-met is a prognostic model based on the fundamental laws of fluid dynamics and thermo- dynamics. The model includes the simulation of: flow around and between buildings, exchange processes of heat and vapor at the ground surface and at walls, turbulence, exchange at vegetation and vegetation parameters, bioclimatology and pollutant dispersion.
The selected area is in Ekbatan complex located in Tehran, Iran which consist of three phases. The modeling area is selected from three phases with different types of residential buildings. The reason for selecting Ekbatan complex is the variety of buildings in forms and public spaces surrounded them and as well as airflow concerns in this area. Climatic data entered into the software is May average data in 2013.
Eventually, the best form for Ekbatan residential buildings was evaluated according to the human comfort against wind. For more explanation, some of the most important rules for urban designing based on airflow comfort have been verified here. When wind strikes buildings, especially high-rise buildings, the wind that flows down the facade, causes to accelerating wind speeds near the windward corners. The increase in wind speed directly depends on the height. Besides, Wind is funneled between two buildings causing wind acceleration between them. According to the simulations, the behavior of wind, particularly the speed of wind, changes while passing through the buildings.
Furthermore, the spatial pattern of Ekbatan complex has been analyzed from different aspects of airflow. The optimized plot has been presented based on three axes. As follow: 1. Analyzing the physical pattern of the location. In other words, this axis tries to understand how buildings were organized next to each other in an adjacent unit.
2. Recognizing the most important environmental factors which affect the desirable urban design. Academically speaking, this step aims to identify environmental aspects of cases.
3. Presenting the optimized-plan. In this section, three alternatives have been simulated by the software. The Structural elements on the drawings and simulation software are Residential blocks, Commercial blocks, the vegetation and green land cover and floor coverings Including asphalt, concrete pavement and dust. It should be noted that the simulation started from 6 am and took 12 hours to analyze.
Finally, some practical strategies (based on software analyses) have been presented for the future developments. For instance, wind speed in backside space of the buildings against air flow, is very low and sometimes it turns to zero. These situations lead to random air movements and consequently wind turbulence. In these cases buildings that step back can be used to reduce undesirable downward wind flows. Wide facades that face the prevailing wind are often undesirable in comparison to less width facades.
In conclusion the study shows that the forms and physical features of the blocks have significant impacts on the wind behavior. According to the analysis, proposed plan has been formed mostly base on controlling and optimizing airflow. However, it should be noted that to achieve proper design and in Consistent with climate, it is unavoidable to have a comprehensive view of all aspects of climate as well as physical aspect.

Introduction The construction and use of ganat introduce a historical ground and a widespread civilization. It has been common in the central plateau of Iran for centuries and has been the origin of some developments.
Ganat has revealed the climax of art in Iranian developments as well as the technical and aesthetic aspects of it on the ground surface and underground layers.
The investigation of this wonderful phenomenon before and after Islam in Iran has been a source of creation of buildings that introduces and conveys reflection of beliefs and material - moral values. This value has reflected in dealing with form and content layers of society, especially in urbanism and architecture, and introduces the life style that makes acquaintance and ideology harmonious and concordant with new order. In a manner that intellectual atmosphere with wisdom, has founded life and soul spreading in urban society.
The ganat formation has associated with cultural and historical influences. This useful research has investigated the brief information of formation history and influence of this wonderful phenomenon in sustainability of human societies, and it makes accessible the quantitative and qualitative situations of ganat influence in the creation of some public utility buildings in historical fabrics.
Literature Review Construction and exploiting of qanat introduce a change of civilization that has a source of coming to existence on nations and cultures from east to west of world. The first steps in all areas of enjoying of water returns to ancient days and have been mixed to the proportion of that days’ people knowledge. In addition, the Islamic – Iranian culture shows the holiness of water in a manner that more than explanation of holy Quran verses and Islamic narratives and allegory, metaphor and symbolic shows main role.
The Islamic – Iranian culture and also Islamic narratives have believed in special value and place for water. Also the role of presence and manifestation of qanat technology at different places makes double the value of space in architecture and urbanism, because the water conversion technology of underground layers to surface has been enjoyed from contortion and discipline by exploitation of qanat knowledge.
Qanat as a city vital artery has been introduced that exploitation of it in city infrastructures establishment has been able to create and influence the architecture and urbanism horizontal development in central plateau of Iran. Such a role related to qanat has formed the construction of some public utilities buildings such as: water supplies, water gates, public bathrooms, drinking fountains and … which have been more distinguished. Furthermore the influence which qanat has had in promotion and efficient of urban fabric and also the socioeconomic (agricultural) development have been noticed.
City and architecture of Yazd with the reason of strong connection to place specialties among them relation and tie that institute with water, are under influence of exploitation method and situation of qanats a lot.
So that the corridors of urban development, establishment methods of water supply, public bathroom and water gates are main elements of district and different symbols of architecture are influenced by the situations.
In fact this subject can explain this theory, that whatever is flowing underground, over ground and on the surface of earth, has formed the creation of architecture and urbanism.
The influence of qanat in urban development forms behind the infrastructures, in a manner that its role has appeared either for providing drinking water and consumption of urban residents or in agricultural development that its role also has been companion in the way sometimes with existence and water flowing in urban fabrics and has caused the fundamental changes in relation with architecture and nature.
Methodology The methodology in this research is based on documentary studies and field references, that documentary research method includes written documents in the qanat forming area as one of the vernacular technologies that has role in creation of some public utilities buildings such as: water supply, public bathrooms and water gate. The field research method includes the influence of qanat in the urban structure with dealing forms and procedure. In the middle of Yazd city is one of the patterns that qanat influence area in the urban form structure, regions and districts in it has formed a better visualized appearance and as a case study is capable of investigation. Also recognition of more than three thousand series of qanats makes sense value double.
Results The result of this study defines that qanat as one of the vernacular technologies has determined the vital artery and infrastructure of forming cities. The organization of cities and public buildings which are rooted in culture and historical – religious traditions of Iran demonstrate the role of qanat in the development of buildings. Furthermore, the qanats have been multipurpose; some have been constructed just for farming, some others for drinking and still others, after passing through the city an refreshing the neighborhood, were used for farming.
Discussion and conclusion The recognition of qanat has not only technical aspect but also has cultural value. Qanat construction has been one of the technologies that it has formed foundation of a civilization. So the different layers of history, culture and economy of time and place of society and / or civilization can be accessible by qanat recognition.
The necessity of optimum investigation of urban development shows necessary the optimum output in the vernacular structures investigation. Apart from investigation of hot and dry climate of region and central plateau of Iran, the quantity and quality life of region especially villages as development discipline cells subjected to exploitation and recognition of qanat capability in the ground furnishing of cities and villages development. Construction and exploitation of qanat, in addition to lots of difficulties, also as a safe and sustainable choice in central plateau development of Iran, has been declared.
The special geography situation of Iran and shortage of water in central plateau of Iran, has guided scientists of architecture and urbanism area to pursue some methods for useful profit and also true Islam with referring to many verses of Quran and narratives, has given holiness and more depth to this culture. So that before Islam, the architecture has been going after water and has been finding comfort beside it and after Islam the architect was leading water towards inside the architecture.
The influence of qanat in a vernacular architecture and urbanism has been in a manner that in addition to private buildings, the public buildings have formed around qanat route in firm organization and development of urban fabric has come to true. Also preservation of qanats limits and prevention of demolition of them is the most important actions of city’s administrators that taking care of them is necessary at all times.
The educational and research centers in the area of introducing and establishment of qanat value as a phenomenon of civilization builder, lead the scientific activities a direction that in the Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism area, the technical values are investigated and recognized. This research has investigated only a negligible aspect of the subject that recognition and influence of and qanat in the historical fabrics and development of cities and villages in past can be another subject for research and investigation.

Shadows are often concerned with the study of light and in inductive reasoning light has always been precedent respectively. From cited viewpoints, Shadow is deemed to be a secondary phenomenon and similar to when Comparing between full and empty, shadows are assumed to be the empty quality. In this manner shadows are always concerned to be a “lack of light” phenomenon, meanwhile shadows can be analyzed and inferred as an independent entity and an influential element in architecture.
This article introduces techniques for further understanding and analyzing shadows, also a different approach to the world of shadows has been presented which its new insight and profoundness leads to a novel understanding of spatial quality influenced by shadows as an independent quality. The results show that there is a direct and positive relationship between the architecture quality and light, and recognizing the interactions between these two has an indispensable importance in growth of productivity and richness in architecture. The research is a both descriptive and analyzing study and it is considered a qualitative research. The research method in this article is logical reasoning and it includes a path from analyzing data and understanding phenomenon to conceptual modeling.
It is an attempt to answer this question: How we can present more intelligent models via detecting and analyzing elements and new evaluation methods for interactive relationships between variable architecture elements and factors. There are many shadow making elements in hot climate of Iran which can be counted and exterminated. Any of this intelligent and delicate elements navigate a chain of information, thus without this continuity, information cannot be linked and disconnection of information is one of the main problems in today's architecture and its products. Some exam-able models in shadow use are porches, wooden structures named “shirsar” in roof edge, fractures in the body of building and courtyard, dome and green space.
Shadow has a successful and influential role in architectural characteristics and behaviors. Characteristics as coolness, graphical attraction, hierarchy, depth, graphical clarity, urban spatial quality, time and movement, contrast and theoretical discovery are only some of the examples which can be related to shadows. Shadows are like informative labels which are in flow and movement accompanying phenomenon and as the phenomenon stop moving and stay still, shadows keep moving. Shadows are harbingers for motion, life and dynamism. Fountain falls and dies at the time it stops its motion.
Interactive role of shadows as similar to other natural systems and organisms can be examined through different methods and at the same time this passage can be benefited in editing exam-able elements and parameters in human constructing processes. After evaluating historic architectural works which have reached to proximity and nearness with their own environment and climate, we evaluated and examined shadows and divided them in to three types. These three types were the shadows which were back to light, context shadows and interactive shadows. Meanwhile, in addition to introducing shadow quality and properties in architecture productions and its procedures, separate tables are presented for their recognition and identification. In this passage, tables below present multi directional influences of different elements on each other and the whole system.
Next, a three dimensional model of interaction between three types of shadow in watch stone of “sheikh Baha’i” is presented. This interactive model tries to demonstrate the concept and idea of happenings and events in an interactive pattern based on algorithmic Technics. In image 7 the conceptual model is presented based of an algorithm written in image 8. In two sides of these diagrams hours of day from 8 in the morning to 6 in the evening are presented, the right side belongs to the back to light shadows and in 12 pm this shadow reaches to 0 which is its minimum and after that there is no shadow till the next cycle. The left side of the diagram belongs to the context shadow which its quantity is on maximum on 8 am and gradually as it approaches to 12 pm the quantity decreases and on 12 pm at the time the back to light shadows reaches to 0, the context shadow similarly is 0 and they are both on their minimum and that is the time for experiencing lack of shadows.
This three dimensional model represents the surfaces of this diagram which are created in interaction between the back to light shadows and context shadows and result in compressed and tensed surfaces. The unpredictable result of this model represents the complicated states of interactive shadows which is under the effect of two other types of shadows. Dividing shadows into three types helps us to understand properties of interactive shadows and also remember not to ignore and disregard the edges of drawn diagrams and the surfaces in between which carry multi directional information. The inter-common edge of the two diagrams which is presented with darker color is the diagram of interactive shadow between the back to light shadows and context shadows. Meanwhile in stone watch of “sheikh Baha’i” as of the degree and status of the stone these shadows were hidden intentionally. (Proposed model is written by Grasshopper. This plugin (grasshopper) could be installed on another program called Rhino which works as a host, enables the user to write algorithms and see the results as a drawing outputs (2D or 3D) in this environment (rhino). Writing environment in grasshopper is all graphical and the factors in drawing in all phases of programming could be change and edit.)
Finally, the interactive shadows are elastic and flexible shadows which have the role of interaction and conduction between the two other types of shadows. Creating the diagram models which can represent the mutual interactions in addition to main variables, can have an indispensable role in understanding the complicated behaviors and characteristics of nature for designer and researchers. In this Technic as of numerous amount of variables and data and the multi directional calculations in this relationships, the intelligence of computers can be benefited in representing the complicated results.

A method for spatial analysis in architecture and urban planning for more than three decades, which has been widely used in graph theory, is the method of analyzing convex space. In contrast, one of the methods of this theory, which is less used in architectural analysis, is the analysis of the intersection point. Although the intersection point method has several potential advantages to old methods in graph theory, there has not been a convincing comparison between this method and other methods.
An analysis of the convex space for each plan yields useful information for qualitative visual analysis. The visual analysis allows researchers to quickly identify the spatial structure of a plan and locate important functional spaces in relation to each other. For this purpose, a graph is usually drawn, that a single room or outer point is considered as the root of the graph. Such a graph is called the justified plan graph (JPG). A justified plan graph based on the type of spatial structure of the plan is divided into two sets, if the graph is deep, it is like a tree, if the graph is shallow, it is like a bush. Another common structure found in JPGs is the root-like spatial relationship, which is often seen in circular or looped plans. Root graphs have a very high flexibility or permeability in the building.
Convex space analysis requires simplification of the plan in the form of a set of convex spaces called in the graph as nodes. There are several procedures for this process, which are presented in three stages.
In the first stage, the rooms with four walls, the bedrooms or bathrooms, are defined as convex space. This is the first set of convex spaces that introduces spaces that there is no visual ambiguity in their convexity. According to the contract, convex spaces of a dimension smaller than 300 mm are included in the largest contiguous space adjacent.
The second stage relates to non-convex spaces that are L-shaped or T-shaped. These rooms are divided in such a way that the least number of convex spaces with room function is created. If, after division, the spaces have not the primary function, they must divide so that the convex spaces produced have the lowest ratio of the perimeter to the area. According to Hiller and Hanson’s view, convex space contains the smallest and fattest space. These kind of spaces are more circular and therefore have less ratio of the perimeter to the area.
In the final stage, the division of other spaces that are not convex is done according to the previous step.
After these steps, the convex map is ready to enter the Depthmap software. In this software, convex space tools are used to draw spaces and create graph nodes. Then the linking tool is used to add graph edges. The Depthmap software calculates the dimension of the graph theory for use in future analyzes.
Although the speed of the convex map production process is a significant advantage for some studies, it may not accurately analyze the location of a more precise points of the plan. For this purpose, an alternative process is needed to summarize the plan and convert it into a graph. This method, called visibility graph, is applied to a grid that is placed on the plan so that each square of the grid represents a node of the graph. Graph edges connect both squares that are able to see each other. Thus, a straight line from the center of each square of the network is drawn to the center of each other visible square. This method is also an efficient method, but only when computer software is used. A kind of interaction between these two techniques - the visibility and convex space - is seen in another rarely used method. This method is called intersection analysis method in a axial map.
The process used in this paper to produce axial maps is a protocol for linking multiple classes in which the axial lines are defined as the lines of movement instead of the lines of vision. In this way, a line may begin from a point in a floor, move horizontally down the floor, and then go to the end of the floor, without passing through the stairs, but there is not necessarily a visual connection between the two ends of the lines.
The first stage of the production of the intersection map begins with the identification of the points where the two main lines are interrupted and marked on the map with a circle. Then the file containing the axial map and the intersection points is ready to enter the software. The Depthmap software does not have a preset tool for analyzing intersection points. Therefore, using the convex space tool, each intersection point is considered as a node of the graph as a convex space, and it is manually connected to all points. Each node must be connected with at least two lines and connected directly to each node on which two lines are located. After adding all the connections, the software will be able to calculate the theoretical dimensions of the graph.
The "endpoint" method is a kind of intersection point method that examines the end of each axial lines. To do this, a straight line from the end of each line should be drawn to all the planar visible vertexes. If all of these vertexes are visible from intersection points, the end of the line does not have a unique surveillance feature and is considered an invalid location for the endpoint. Otherwise, the two ends of the axial lines become nodes in the intersection of the graph. For these endpoints, a new node in the software is mapped. After adding all the connections, the software is able to perform the relevant calculations.
In this research, three samples of Kashan's houses are analyzed with convex space analysis method and their results are compared with the analysis of the intersection point. For each of these three houses, first, the convex space analysis is done and the mathematical results are calculated. When map is converted to graph For mathematical analysis of the relationship between intersections, the paths in the original axial map are reversed. During the inversion process, two intersection point graphs can be generated, one that is entirely focused on the position of the intersection points (called the intersection point graph), and the other contains stubs with unique surveillance features (A type of intersection point graph that is called the end node graph). From these two graphs, the intersection point of mathematical values is extracted which can be compared with the results of the convex space analysis. Through these processes, the weaknesses and relative strengths of these three methods are determined for the first time.
The result shows that the intersection point method is more effective in identifying the concept of space from the perspective of movement and routing than the convex space method, and also the inclusion or non-inclusion of stubs have a tangible effect on the integration values. Finally, it can be said that the present research, while mainly applying and evaluating the two methods of graph theory analysis, briefly describes examples of the valuable traditional architecture of Kashan.

In recent years, following the re-introduction of the importance of public spaces and the urban life, facing has gained importance again. Some of the main goals of the facade are: beautiful appearance of buildings, saving energy in different seasons, the protection, prevent premature aging. Each building in the complex view of the city, where the streets or fields, and the effect on the walled city. Since the beginning of the 1980s, a range of materials, design and construction of buildings more efficient and more productive every day is a new innovation . Sustainable urban development does not mean the sustainable development of each of the subsystems of the economic, social, environmental or alone, and is not meant to increase the stability of these subsystems But tries to economic growth, restoration of ecologicaland balance environmental protection and social progress and the difficulties of these challenges, it has become a focus of research around the world . Therefore, sustainable development is a process that aims to create a city. It is in accordance with basic human needs in terms of performance, place the present and future generations for life. On of the factor in sustainable urban development proposed building facade materials placed on the sustainability of materials used in the facade facing particularly compatible with the environment . Sustainable design features with Three principles of strength, beauty and benefits of sustainable facade principles .the aim of valuing the three principles, the strength and resistance means at least three natural disasters and abnormal destruction ,Sustainability means the reuse of other building,Beauty and meaning consistent with the spirit of the people has been raised.But Today, most materials used in building facades, appear only at the economic objective, and made without any regard for the environment placed and There is no criteria set for facade design and materials used in accordance with the concepts of sustainable development. So The production and use of these materials in the long term lead to the end unconsciously renewable resources and pollution of the atmosphere. Given the importance of protecting the environment from harmful effects of the introduction of the concept of sustainable development should be the solution to the use of man-made materials. Since it had been less to the issue of sustainable facade materials and amount of energy used affected by building is its facade, In this article we try to learn about the formation of materials in the process of harvesting(Construction, installation, operation, maintenance), production(Extraction, processing, packaging, transportation) and installation(Recycling, reuse) of energy consumption in buildings that are in each of the steps learned.and then introduce factors are important in good quality materials, Factors such as compatible with nature, Longer Life, low energy consumption, Important characteristics of sustainable materials is:reduce energy efficiency,use of natural materials,embodied energy The embodied energy of a material refers to the total energy required to produce that material, including the collection of raw materials. This includes the energy of the fuel used to power the harvesting or mining equipment, the processing equipment, and the transportation devices that move raw material to a processing facility. This energy typically comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which are a limited, non-renewable resource. The combustion of fossil fuels also has severe environmental consequences, from localized smog to acid rain. The greater a material’s embodied energy, the greater the amount of energy required to produce it, implying more severe ecological consequences. For example, the processing of wood (harvested in a sustainable fashion) involves far less energy and releases less pollution than the processing of iron, which must be extracted from mined ores.
Reduction of Construction Waste , Local Materials , Renewable Energy Systems, Reusability, recycled content, and also the use of nano-materials thatChanges in the shape and nature, can not multifunctional and create spaces with different user. Nano-materials and nano-coatings environmental compatibility feature, the field of nano and green architecture provides link and Nano buildings need no energy because coatings and new materials also have the capability to meet the needs of energy and insulation with very low thickness and performance much more waste heat reach zero. Smart materials are materials that can function intelligently in the face of changes in the environment such as your living organisms adapt to environmental conditions The most important smart materials in the construction industry can be smart to use concrete and glass buildings noted . Taking advantage of this element can reduce the negative environmental impacts and the approach of society towards the sustainability criteria, and the study of this type of material is sustainable development. Key Building Materials and Sources are: Limestone,Steel,Aluminium,Bricks and Tile,Petrochemicals,Wood.each of Each of these materials in the trilogy should have been told, are in accordance with sustainability criteria.
For evaluating and calculate the amount of energy that affect the building facade materials, we have a special software calculates the building energy use.In this application, city, season, number of days, hours and facade material is selected, then the program will calculate the amount of energy per month pays and delivers graphically.
In this article with Ecotect software simulates a building in Tehran climate,and the different between materials facing in the amount of embody energy of building is checked and thus the sustainability and stability of each of the materials provided, as required for a sustainable facade of stable, formed. According to the results obtained in terms of sustainability , Building energy consumption, the use of concrete is 32093396(WH) during the year. Brick energy is 31954916(WH) and aluminum is 32641370(WH) According to these numbers brick is more sustainable than Concrete and then aluminum for use in the building of Tehran climate so the exchange of energy through the building facade materials smaller, so less energy is buildingin addition to energy factor in buildings. It is also assumed that the material has sufficient life and After the demolition of the building can be recycled and reused to minimize damage to the raw materials that come from nature placed.
Previous studies in the world show that many studies have been done on sustainable materials But so far, particularly on the materials used in building facades approach to sustainability and reduce energy consumption, little research has been done.The closest title of this article, by promising Navid Baheri, is the materials used in the facade of sustainable architecture ,this paper is a brief introduction and classification of material in front of them, In compliance with the standard details with regard to climate issues and energy consumption has been reduced And finally to present and examine a few examples of sustainable architecture .this title in external articles and books is in a book that explain about Criteria for resources, pollution, native products, chemical and physical characteristics of building materials and identify materials and environmental states in some articles and books the authors studied Sustainability of eco-friendly materials, embodied energy ,Toxic aspects, construction and demolition waste .but in A few of the articles studied exactly about The stability, especially with regard to embody energy building materials Building Facade.

The first performance of the home is to create shelter, a haven which provides peace for inhabitants. Village House is a safe and reliable "inner place" against "external environment" with the extent of the wild nature. Therefore, the first performance of the home is primary need of rural people. The formation of the house is affected by a variety of environmental factors of three surrounding environments which in different species are formed based on special regional and local materials of the area by natives of the area.
In fact, the most important characteristic of rural homes, especially (Gilan) is simplicity and harmony with the natural environment surrounding them, in such a way that, a building not only is not a waste element that is added to the environment, but is risen from its surroundings, and the stability is reached due to its exposure.
conditions, not only has led to a different appearance of the buildings in the area, but due to the abundant use of wood and plant fibers in the building, and special properties of these materials, methods of construction in Gilan is distinct from other parts of Iran. Studying traditional methods of construction in Gilan to identify a species of "architecture in harmony with nature", Leads us to full interaction of man and the surrounding environment, that all of them indicate Intelligent human knowledge in time with the technical limitations of construction, and the sense of respect for nature.
As architectural elements and building components, all in order to build a dynamic architecture in this particular area of the building not only by benefiting from natural curran in the summer leads to climate comfort in the spring and summer, but in winter with a layer of semi-enclosed elements, such as Faken, reduces the amount of heat exchange between indoor and the surrounding environment.
Accordingly, the logic of construction and materials are selected based on potential and natural resources in the region and leads to use the local materials, combining fences, columns, headers and wooden beams and flowers used in walls, decoration by flowers and roof with four slopes are considered as individual components of a vernacular architecture, that in the passage of time has damaged stability of the building like natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes, which is considered as an effective factor among the indicator species in each region.
In Gilan geographic reach, which air humidity and rainfall is very high, rural housing should not only meet human needs related to shelter, but must include climatic comfort relatively. As such, residential building must be constructed in such a way that reduxes moisture in the environment over human tolerance to have proper temperature and humidity conditions. In this area, because of moderate temperatures in many times of the year, reduced air humidity provides comfort because discomfort in summer is felt due to high relative humidity of the air at all times a day. So, wind can move easily in order to repel moisture around the body and the human environment.
The relationship between the building and the environment is considered as the most obvious aesthetic features of Gilan rural buildings, which is rooted in geography, cultural issues and style life in Gilan. The lack of tangible boundary between inside and outside has given to it different effects compared with the central regions of Iran.
The houses of the area are generally built either in the direction of East or with a little rotation from East to South and this is due to the use of maximum sunlight and air flow. The used materials are indigenous as other rural areas of Gilan and available materials are used. The walls in this region are mainly the combination between the "Chineei" 1 "Zegali" 2 and completely Zegali. Because of the abundance of straw in the area,”Kolosh”3 is used as Zegal in the walls. In fact, all the art of living in the Gilan plain can be summarized in coping with difficult climatic conditions such as annual rainfall by almost 1280 mm, the humidity between 70 to 90 percent and temperature fluctuation between * 20 and * 37 .
In different parts of the plains of Gilan where the climatic characteristics cause a particular kind of architecture, outward-oriented architecture, regardless of the contradictions and complexities of construction technique, and variations in the utilization of local and available materials, were seeing similarities in the scheme of this type of architecture, the majority of similarities in these buildings include: The existence of the porch and hallway in a four-walled building that most biological environments.
Get the limited space and enclosed in the heart of the monument and surrounded by a hallway and porch for winter time.
Multi-layer being the main views and spaces with a maximum porosity in the outermost level.
The height of the residential parts of the getting off the ground.
Placement comfy wooden stairs without an intermediary style that the relationship between the grounds and the supply of housing.
The mass use of plant and wood materials and uncoated amood.
The four characteristics of the dwellings of the plain Gila can be distinguished from includes the following items: I. The height of the Earth's surface to protect it against moisture in the ground.
II. Fans with steep slope.
III. The existence of one or more of the aisle and the porch in views.
IV. Construction of houses based on vertical plan common build dwellings that central in Iran (Making room on the horizontal inner courtyard) is different
This research seeks to analyze the body of one of the native habitat of the index and the geographical boundaries of Gilan plain areas exclusively to the analysis method - described by Sachs and method of analysis techniques - modeling Builder designed with energy simulation software to evaluate a sample of their unit. Accordingly, the use of library studies on the described manner, the morphology of Gilan and provide basic concepts on completion of organ literature as early as the theoretical basis. The use of macro and micro-scale field studies of settlements to analyze the climate and the physical samples for example in the form of software modeling background design study builder and table Sachs contributed.
At the end of these studies show, as well as comfort in Gilan native settlements for rural residents and require the passage of time has been granted, Today, the role of climate change in temperate climate and wet in macro and micro scale habitable space And general changes in consumer materials residential structures in rural areas, the use of natural energy role in natural ventilation by not using energy artifact(Cooling and heating) is not possible and the combination of the two systems, natural and artificial energy is not inevitable, even in native settlements.
Research I. Clear analysis of how the formation of a native settlement on the centrality of body structure and climate
II. Assessment components and sub a native settlement in the description of the concepts of sustainable Sachs
III. Analysis of large-scale example of architecture in warm and cold seasons the energy simulation software

Already in a variety of buildings with different uses, what would seem more architectural design, the changes after utilization by users that this change in terms of non-compliance with design requirements and not due to changes in other aspects, such as engineering and pre-operation. Sometimes encountered with a sudden change in the design process and according to the traditional structure of the design process, this change does not apply in other dimensions and design errors during the operation, to show the changes will be binding, it could be next a model to follow design changes and pre-operation would lead to elimination; as necessary. Building Information Modeling (BIM) by removing complexity in the design, manufacturing, integration of information with possible changes in the other components of the structure, anticipate and reduce errors after the operation and construction. With technology development, process improvement and change the industry has improved, but still compact construction industry based on the traditional process, with the architectural design or building design, constructed by contractors. This is while, the building of new systems and due to the changing demands of the employer, are very complex, so that we add to this complexity, architects, owners and contractors to align themselves with these developments, in the wake of Operation changes into the design drawn on the body, it's important to be consistent and comprehensiveness of information between other elements of building construction creates a problem, since more of the architect's plans need to be integrated and followed this interference with the program at all stages make a pre-operation. In fact, building information modeling, a new change in the design and construction industry is documenting, modeling, building information, information about the whole building gives us the full documentation and integration into a database gives us. All of these parameters are therefore connected to each other, any change in the model of an object, the entire project will affect all aspects, building information modeling, data includes actual building is only two-dimensional maps, which are common Maps drawn with CAD found not formed. Building Information Modeling, a common mistake is called as a digital model generated by CAD software in a process known as Building Information Modeling. Construction industry due to the large number of documents it is much more complicated than ever. BIM new promising tool in architecture, engineering and construction industry, which will build a virtual model before the actual construction of buildings on the main field allows information. In fact, this model designs because this method, using the building information and it is also the most important stage design. Building and weaknesses through analysis software is documented. In enhancing the effectiveness of the do the right thing, in this method, two-dimensional plan was rejected and assessments in specific applications with methods to identify the areas and their dimensions are considered qualities, at different times of exposure, etc. is checked.
In the construction of a project, including design partnership with the consultancy, construction and post-run (after the operation) is, in fact semantic knowledge building must be provided, building information model, common architecture Other aspects of the project such as building provides structural and semantic knowledge, based on continuous improvement approach, which supports the evolutionary changes simply and recovery. It improves with time-saving schematic design, design changes and development, creation and coordination between the various elements of project design and control documents in advance of the operation increases productivity. The main objective of this study was to develop methods to improve the architectural design stage before an exploit is in fact to determine the effectiveness promoter factors, using the building information model, the final design is done. The rise of the more complex, faster and build sustainable development in the form of improved technology makes BIM drawing because the traditional activities are not able to meet these pressures. It is hoped that with the widespread use of building information modeling in the field of construction, the cost of future performance and reduced use and improved performance of the operation to reduce errors. The Building Information Modeling as an innovative way to design, construction of process before and after the operation, implementation and management, compared with more traditional methods of design and attitude as human activities that model, instead of seeing it as an object-oriented approach or a special software. In fact, BIM improves the automation industry and process two-dimensional animation project, has been integrated into the workflow in the batch process, the ability of computing, networking and data information and knowledge society maximized and errors are reduced.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) by removing complexity in the design, manufacturing, integration of information with possible changes in the other components of the structure, anticipate and reduce errors after the operation and construction. With technology development, process improvement and change the industry has improved, but still compact construction industry based on the traditional process, with the architectural design or building design, constructed by contractors. This is while, the building of new systems and due to the changing demands of the employer, are very complex, so that we add to this complexity, architects, owners and contractors to align themselves with these developments, in the wake of Operation changes into the design drawn on the body, it's important to be consistent and comprehensiveness of information between other elements of building construction creates a problem, since more of the architect's plans need to be integrated and followed this interference with the program at all stages make a pre-operation. In fact, building information modeling, a new change in the design and construction industry is documenting, modeling, building information, information about the whole building gives us the full documentation and integration into a database gives us. All of these parameters are therefore connected to each other, any change in the model of an object, the entire project will affect all aspects, building information modeling, data includes actual building is only two-dimensional maps, which are common Maps drawn with CAD found not formed. Building Information Modeling, a common mistake is called as a digital model generated by CAD software in a process known as Building Information Modeling. Construction industry due to the large number of documents it is much more complicated than ever. BIM new promising tool in architecture, engineering and construction industry, which will build a virtual model before the actual construction of buildings on the main field allows information. In fact, this model designs because this method, using the building information and it is also the most important stage design. Building and weaknesses through analysis software is documented. In enhancing the effectiveness of the do the right thing, in this method, two-dimensional plan was rejected and assessments in specific applications with methods to identify the areas and their dimensions are considered qualities, at different times of exposure, etc. is checked. BIM improves the automation industry and process two-dimensional animation project, has been integrated into the workflow in the batch process, the ability of computing, networking and data information and knowledge society maximized and errors are reduced.