فهرست مطالب

فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 19، پاییز 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/09/30
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
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  • مقاله ی تحلیلی
  • پیروز حناچی، فاطمه ملازاده، سمیه فدایی نژاد بهرامجردی * صفحات 1-14
    در دهه های اخیر بدنبال تحولات صورت گرفته در نگرش به میراث فرهنگی و ارزش های آن، رویکرد مدیریت مکان های فرهنگی -تاریخی نیز دستخوش تغییرات گردیده است. رویکرد ارزش مبنا به عنوان رایج ترین رویکرد مدیریتی از اواخر قرن بیستم مورد توجه مجامع علمی در سطح بین المللی قرارگرفته است; این رویکرد که به واسطه منشور بورا به جامعه حفاظتی ارائه گردید، از طریق تجربیات عملی موسسه ی حفاظتی گتی و نظریه های افرادی همچون جیمزکر توسعه یافت و بعدها به سازمان ها و موسسات بین المللی دیگری راه یافت. بررسی اسناد بین المللی، نظریه های مرتبط، جایگاه و اولویت ارزش های میراث فرهنگی در قرآن کریم و نهایتا مدیریت بر مبنای نظام ارزشی فرهنگ اسلامی نشانگر آن است که رویکرد ارزش مبنا، پاسخی مناسب برای شناخت جنبه های پیچیده و در حال توسعه میراث ارائه می نماید که هدف اصلی آن حفظ اهمیت معنایی مکان و ارتقاء ارزش هایی است که توسط همه ی گروه های جامعه به آن نسبت داده می شود و دستیابی به این هدف از طریق برنامه ی مدیریتی ساختاریافته و مبتنی بر سیستم ارزشی جامعه میسر می گردد از این رو مقاله حاضر از طریق بازخوانی اسناد و دستورالعمل های عملیاتی سازمان های بین المللی از یک سوی و دیدگاه های صاحب نظران و جایگاه میراث فرهنگی و ارزش های آن در فرهنگ اسلامی از سوی دیگر، با بهره گیری از روش کیفی و راهبرد تحلیل محتوا در پی توسعه چارچوب مفهومی مدیریت ارزش مبنا از طریق ارائه فرآیند کلی برنامه ی مدیریتی می باشد. بر مبنای چارچوب مفهومی مدیریت ارزش مبنا در این مقاله، اهمیت معنایی مکان که خود در برگیرنده ارزش های میراث است و بر مبنای سیستم ارزشی جامعه اسلامی و مد نظر قرار دادن اولویت بندی آن ها از دیدگاه قرآن کریم تنظیم می گردد به عنوان هسته ی اصلی چارچوب پیشنهادی معرفی می گردد. به منظور حفظ اهمیت معنایی مکان باید سه مرحله درک مکان، سیاستگذاری و مدیریت مورد توجه واقع شوند و این فرآیند به واسطه مشارکت متخصصان حفاظت، جامعه محلی و ذینفعان محقق می گردد.
    کلیدواژگان: چارچوب مفهومی، ارزش، مدیریت ارزش مبنا، مکان های فرهنگی - تاریخی، فرهنگ اسلامی
  • سهند لطفی*، مهسا شعله صفحات 15-34
    ذخیره های ساختمانی، مهمترین ظرفیت کالبدی توسعه درون زای شهری بوده، و برنامه ریزی برای مرمت، ارتقاء و استفاده دوباره از آن، یکی از مهمترین سرفصل های حفاظت شهری فعال طی دهه های اخیر بوده است. این روند، عاملی مهم در راه صیانت از هویت کالبدی، و تقویت مکان بودگی هسته های تاریخی شهرها است. در ادبیات معاصر مرمت شهری نیز، ویژگی های مثبتی مانند پایداری اجتماعی و زیست محیطی، تقویت حس مکان، به روزرسانی سازوکار برنامه ریزی، بهره وری اقتصادی و حفظ اصالت محیط انسان ساخت، از جمله مزیت های استفاده دوباره از ساختارهای ارزشمند و واجد قدمت، شناخته شده است. این مقاله، ضمن بازخوانی همین روند، و استفاده از واژه ترکیبی بازکاربست همساز به مثابه معادلی برای عنوان Adaptive Re-use ، به بازخوانی و تطبیق پذیر نمودن مدل «بالقوگی بازکاربست همساز» یا ARP (Adaptive Re-use Potential) می پردازد. بازخوانی معادله منحنی فرسودگی، و شناخت دقیق عوامل فرساینده-منسوخ کننده ساختارهای واجد قدمت، مدل «بالقوگی بازکاربست همسازی» را به برآورد عمر مفید ساختار، و بهترین زمان مداخله با هدف مرمت و روزآمدسازی آن نائل می کند. حاصل پیاده کردن این مدل برای یک بنای مشخص، فهم شرایط منسوخ شدگی آن، و موقعیت کیفی-زمانی ساختار در ارتباط با میزان بازگشت پذیری به چرخه حیات دوباره است. استفاده از این مدل، در تعیین شرایط فرسودگی و بالقوگی بازکاربست همساز برای نمونه ای از بناهای واجد ارزش بافت میانی تهران، به این فرضیه قوت می بخشد که بسیاری از ساختارهای ارزشمند در بافت های تاریخی و میانی، در شرایطی قرار گرفته اند که امروز همچنان می توانند هدف طرح های موفق بازکاربست همساز باشند، ولی در صورت از دست دادن فرصت، امکان بازگشت به چرخه حیات، و ارتقاء به منظور استفاده دوباره و منطبق با نیاز روز را از دست خواهند داد، و منحنی فرسودگی را به سوی درغلتیدن به وادی بازسازی اجباری، پیش خواهند برد.
    کلیدواژگان: چرخه حیات ساختمان، ساختار واجد قدمت، بالقوگی بازکاربست همساز، حفاظت فعال، بازگشت پذیری به چرخه حیات
  • مرتضی میرغلامی*، سیامک قاضی پور، ابوالفضل طغرایی صفحات 35-47
    سال ها است که شهرها به نقاط استراتژیک بروز سیاستهای نئولیبرال در بعد جغرافیایی و مکانی تبدیل گشته اند. علارغم ظاهر جهانی، سیاست های نئولیبرالیسم، به عنوان هژمونی غالب فضای اقتصاد سیاسی دهه های اخیر، هیچ گاه به یک شیوه واحد در اشکال شهری تبلور نیافته اند. زمینه ی اقتصادی-سیاسی موجود و شیوه های تولید، تعیین کننده ی نحوه ی بروز نئولیبرالیسم هستند(نئولیبرالیسم به واقع موجود). از طرف دیگر، نئولیبرالیسم به شدت «روش مند» است و با فرایندی کاملا برنامه ریزی شده شکل شهر را به منظور جانمایی، باز آرایی و جابجایی بنگاه های اقتصادی خویش متحول می گرداند. این دو ویژگی شکل دهنده ی «پروژه بازسازی نئولیبرال» هستند. درک شکل شهری از خلال فرایند بازسازی نئولیبرال، هدف این مقاله را تشکیل می دهد. در این راستا، پس از تعریف چارچوب نظری براساس دو رویکرد متمایز و درعین حال درهم تنیده ی مطرح در ادبیات موضوع(راجر کیل، و برنر و تئودر)، سه لایه ی کارکردی پروژه بازسازی نئولیبرال در شهر تشخیص داده شده است: لایه عملکردی، لایه ساختاری و لایه تحول حس مشترک؛ سپس شاخص های ساختاری نئولیبرالیسم در شهر، در دو مرحله مجزا از فرایند نئولیبرالیزه شدن، یعنی مکانیزم جهان-محلی شدن و مکانیزم شهرگرایی نئولیبرال، در سه گروه کالبدی-فضایی، اجتماعی-فرهنگی و سیاسی- اقتصادی در قالب ماتریس شاخص ها تبیین گشته اند. ماتریس حاصله، ابزاری اولیه برای تحلیل فرایند نئولیبرالیزه شدن مکان های جغرافیایی و شهری در سه مقیاس محلی، ملی و جهانی است، و نشان می دهد نئولیبرالیسم از طریق تحول اقتصاد سیاسی در مقیاس جهانی، دخالت در فناوری های قدرت در مقیاس ملی، و تغییر در کیفیت زندگی روزمره در مقیاس محلی بر شهر اثر می گذارد.
    کلیدواژگان: فناوری قدرت، نئولیبرالیسم، اقتصاد سیاسی، حکمروایی شهری، زندگی روزمره
  • طاهره نصر *، امین ریسمانی، منصور بهادری صفحات 47-62
    تعالیم اسلامی انسان را به عنوان جانشین خداوند تبارک و تعالی در زمین معرفی می نماید. بنابراین انسان خلیفه الله باید در پی تجلی دادن کیفیاتی باشد که به ایجاد محیط مناسبی برای زندگی انسان و توسعه زمین بینجامد. انسان در برخورد با پدیده ها و همینطور اعمال خویش باید اصولی را مرعی دارد که اهم آنها از طبیعت نیز (به عنوان خلق الهی) قابل استنباط و استنتاط هستند و از جمله مهم ترین آنها رعایت عدل است. برای شناخت مبانی تفکری که حفاظت از طبیعت و عناصر طبیعی را در جامعه ای به عنوان یک فرهنگ و باوری قوی ایجاد می کند، توجه به منابع و ماخذ اصلی آن تفکر ضرورت دارد. در مواجهه و تماس با طبیعت و عناصر طبیعی یکی از مهم ترین منابع فرهنگ ایرانی قرآن کریم است که تعالیم آن جهت دهنده و کمال بخشنده فرهنگ ایرانی بوده است. آیات قرآن و احادیث و تعالیم پرحکمت اسلامی همواره طبیعت و عناصر آن را مهم و قابل توجه دانسته است و فقه شیعه نیز بر حکم تحریم شرعی در مورد استفاده ناروا از طبیعت تفاسیر متعدد داشته است.
    مقاله حاضر ضمن بیان مولفه های هویت طبیعی موثر در معماری و تاکید آیات و روایات قرآنی بر هریک از آنها به عنوان متغیرهای اصلی تحقیق در «حیات»، به بیان جایگاه این مولفه ها در معماری مسکونی ایرانی اسلامی و به ویژه «حیاط» می پردازد و برای نمونه خانه های تاریخی دوره های زندیه، قاجاری و پهلوی در شیراز مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد. همچنین راهکارهایی برای دوران کنونی بیان می گردد تا حیات طیبه اسلامی مورد توجه اندیش ورزان قرار گیرد. روش تحقیق این مقاله، کیفی است و روش جمع آوری اطلاعات به صورت مطالعات کتابخانه ای و اسنادی می باشد. نتایج حاصله حاکی از آن است که بین آیات قرآنی و احادیث و توجه به «حیات» و «مساله سکونت در معماری مسکونی ایرانی اسلامی» می توان رابطه ای دانست که با توجه به مولفه های هویت طبیعی هر اقلیم این مساله خود را بروز می دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: هویت، حیات، طبیعت، آسایش انسان، معماری مسکونی ایرانی اسلامی در شیراز
  • گیسو قائم * صفحات 63-78
    هر باغ ایرانی با حفظ اصول نانوشته طراحی باغ، از بدایع و ظرایف ویژه خود برخوردار است. در باغ ایرانی،آنچه مفید و لازم است، زیبا عرضه میشود. اصولی بر طراحی باغ حاکم است که از دیرباز مردم ایران به آن اصول وفادار مانده اند.
    آیا معماری باغهای پیش از اسلام ایران تاثیری بر معماری باغهای پس از اسلام ایران داشته است؟ سوالی بود که محقق در پی آن، پژوهش حاضر را انجام داد. در این تحقیق تلاش گردید تا با اطلاعاتی که در ارتباط با باغهای پیش از اسلام ایران وجود دارد، این باغها را تحلیل معماری نمود.
    هدف اصلی این تحقیق شناخت معماری باغهای پیش از اسلام ایران، یافتن اصول طراحی مشترک آنها، و قیاس این ویژگی ها با معماری باغهای ایرانی پس از اسلام بود. این پژوهش، تحقیقی کتابخانه ای است. از مشکلات اصلی این پژوهش تکراری بودن بسیاری از اطلاعات در مقالات و کتب بود که نگارنده آنها را تایید نمینمود. در عین حال اطلاعات در مورد باغهای پیش از اسلام ایران اکثرا اطلاعات باستان شناسانه بود، و تلاش گردید این اطلاعات در وادی معماری مورد تفسیر قرار گیرد. به همین منظور جهت گیری باغهای پیش از اسلام، سلسله مراتب ورود به باغ، تاثیر تقسیمات چهارگانه در طراحی باغ، شیب بندی زمین باغ، آبنما، حضور منظر طبیعی، معماری کوشک باغ و ریتم تکرار شونده حصار باغ مورد توجه قرار گرفت. در رابطه با اصول طراحی باغهای پس از اسلام ایران از مقالات و کتب صاحبنظران و محققین متخصص در عرصه طراحی باغ استفاده و این اصول از کتب و مقالات ایشان استخراج گردیده است. در نهایت ویژگی های مشترک طراحی باغ در دوران پیش از اسلام با اصول طراحی باغ پس از اسلام ایران قیاس شده و در نتیجه تاثیر طراحی باغهای پیش از اسلام ایران در طراحی باغهای پس از اسلام و متاخر مشخص گردیده است.
    کلیدواژگان: باغ ایرانی، باغ های پیش از اسلام ایران، پاسارگاد، کاخ خسرو، طاق بستان
  • علی پورجعفر، احسان رنجبر *، علی خرمی صفحات 79-94
    بهره گیری از فضاهای زیرزمینی به عنوان فضاهای شهری به دلیل کمبود زمین شهری در کلان شهرها، در ادبیات «طراحی شهری» دهه های اخیر مطرح شده است. چالش اصلی طراحی و توسعه فضاهای شهری زیرزمینی، برخی خصیصه های این گونه فضاها، در مقایسه با سایر فضاهای شهری روی سطح زمین می باشد، که تا کنون مورد پژوهش کافی قرار نگرفته است. بعلاوه، عدم انجام پژوهش پیرامون کیفیت های طراحی شهری منحصر به فضاهای شهری زیرزمینی عامل دیگری است که امکان بهره برداری از پتانسیل های این گونه فضاها را تضعیف نموده است. به نظر می رسد فضاهای شهری زیرزمینی عصر ارتباطات می بایست بر اساس نیازها و فرهنگ شهروندان طراحی شوند. این گونه فضاها لازم است به دور از آلودگی های گوناگون، بستری آرام و امن را برای تعاملات اجتماعی شهروندان فراهم کند. از این رو تلاش شده تا با پژوهشی توصیفی، ضمن بهره گیری از اسناد و منابع کتابخانه ای در حوزه طراحی شهری، به منظور تبیین کیفیت های خاص یک فضای شهری زیرزمینی، با روش های برآوردی و ارزشیابی به بررسی منابع گردآوری شده پرداخته شود.
    یافته های این پژوهش توسعه ای مبین برخی کیفیت های فضای شهری مورد تاکید اکثر پژوهشگران ایرانی و غیرایرانی حوزه طراحی شهری و همچنین کیفیت های مستخرج از تجارب پروژه های مجموعه های زیرزمینی بوده که با توجه به برخی خصایص «فضاهای زیرزمینی» قابلیت تعمیم به «فضاهای شهری زیرزمینی» را داراست. نتیجه پژوهش معرف گونه ای از فضاهای شهری در ادبیات طراحی شهری، با ساختار نوینی از طبقه بندی کیفیت ها است. کیفیت های خاص فضاهای شهری زیرزمینی بر اساس حوزه تاثیر، سه گونه کلی «درون فضایی»، «میان فضایی» و «برون فضایی» است. ابعاد کیفیت های زیرمجموعه هر یک از گونه های مذکور به تفکیک در نتیجه گیری توصیف شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: فضای شهری زیرزمینی، کیفیت های طراحی شهری، دسته بندی کیفیت های فضاهای شهری زیرزمینی، تجارب فضاهای شهری زیرزمینی
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  • Pirouz Hanachi, Fatemeh Mollazadeh, Somayeh Fadaei Nezhad Bahramjerdi * Pages 1-14
    In recent decades, following the changes in attitudes to cultural heritage and its values, approaches of the cultural places management also been changed. A values-based approach as a current most preferred approach to heritage conservation that often called “value-led”planning or “value led conservation management”. Since to distinguish it from more traditional conservation management approaches we must know some features of value based management. This approach adopted and advocated by major conservation authorities,both at the national and international level and by major research and educational institutions such as Getty conservation institute, and some other organization and institutes like English heritage, Unesco, Heritage Lottery Fund and etc.
    Reviewing international documents and related theories indicates that the value-based approach is, in many ways, a response to the recognition of the increasing complexity of heritage. It evolved in various parts of the world, for instance in Canada and the USA, and became better known through the Burra Charter, first developed by ICOMOS Australia in 1979 and subsequently updated in 1999 and 2013.The Charter promoted the assessment of the significance of a place–based on the values attributed by all stakeholders (not only by the experts) and the use of a Statement of “Significance” – that has been used to mean the overall importance of a site, determined through an analysis o f the totality of the values attributed to it. Significance also reflects
    The importance a place has with respect to one or several of its values, and in relation to other comparable sites and as a basis for developing conservation and management strategies. Also best practice for heritage conservation planning in Canada and British Columbia follows a value-based approach to the stewardship and management of historic places. This approach allows the community to clearly articulate why historic places matter, and ensures confidence that identified heritage values remain for present and future generations.
    After a short time this concept was developed by the work on Conservation Plans by James Kerr (1982). He brought a systematic approach to developing conservation and management plans based on values and more importantly, on the cultural significance of a heritage place to society. In the context of a value-based approach, through the concepts of stakeholder groups and values, community is considered to be placed at the core of management, so sometimes the values of different groups become incompatible and can make serious conflicts, but heritage professionals have been looking for ways to bring forth the views of all stakeholders and to resolve the conflicts that inevitably arise. In this changed environment, decisions about heritage need to be negotiated and the search is for an approach that assures equity, avoiding those in which the values that prevail belong to the group with the most political power. In value based management heritage is not self evident,with intrinsic/inherent values, as in a material-based or traditional approach; it is people / stakeholder groups that ascribe (subjective) values to it and define heritage, and thus heritage is seen as an extrinsic and social process.Therefore, the main purpose of this approach is to maintain significance and promote the values which attributed to the place by all community groups. This management process uses heritage values to guide decision making about historic places. Heritage values are defined as the historic, aesthetic, spiritual, social, cultural, and scientific significance or importance of a place for past, present, or future generations. When beginning a value-based management system, it is best to have an understanding of the heritage values of the community as a whole before trying to understand the significance of individual places. The context study develops this big-picture understanding of why citizens care about the character and identity of the community, and how that has been shaped over time.
    After presenting theoretical basics of value-based management in international levels, a section of essay is about Islamic culture and its perspective on cultural heritage management to clarify the common points of national and interinternational theoretical basis and extracting cultural heritage value priorities. The Holy Quran as the main reference of the Muslims and the pursuit of all values in the Islamic society can be a reliable source for examining the past position, cultural heritage and its values, the way of management and policy making in Islamic culture. In Islamic society, all personal and social relations and the rules governing it directly or indirectly originate from the concepts of the Quran and are in fact the best reference for obtaining social values; Since there is a strong relationship between the policies of heritage conservation management and social values in each society, the important rule of the Holy Quran cannot be denied in violation of social values in Islamic societies. That’s the truth that there are no direct and explicit references to cultural heritage, priority of values and their role in policy making and management in the holy Quran, but it can be deduced from some analyzes that Mahdi Hojjat (one of the great experts of Iranian cultural heritage has) given to Quranic verses in this regard that they can be used to provide a conceptual framework for research.
    However the holy Quran as the encyclopedia and the origins of the Islamic community values has repeatedly emphasized on the cultural heritage and its values indirectly as with the perception of some of its verses we can prioritize the values attributed to cultural heritage into three main categories : 1- sociocultural values 2- historical-documentary values and 3- Instrumental values. After After classifying values they can applied in setting the policy framework based on Islamic social values system. The reality is that, management in the Islamic society should be based on the requirements of the local community and respect for them and this is exactly in line with the same international principles that nowadays emphasized by the formulation of management and conservation programs based on the partnership and needs of all stakeholders and the local community.
    This paper seeks to develop a conceptual framework for value-based management through providing the whole process of management plan as a tool for value-based management. It can be achieved by reviewing international documents, operational guidelines of Institutions on the one hand, and the related theories and Islamic culture on the other, So based on research goals, the qualitative research methodology is chosen and with applying logical reasoning strategy as well as ‘content analysis’ and ‘logical inference. According to value-based management conceptual framework in this paper, significance that includes tangible and intangible values of the heritage, introduced as the core of proposed framework;to maintain the significance of place,three Steps should be considered: 1- Understanding the place 2- Developing policies and 3- Management. This process realized by participation of all conservationists, local communities and stakeholders. Finally, according to research studies and conceptual model, this article provides a general process for the management of cultural and historical places based on values-led approach.
  • Mahsa Sholeh, Sahand Lotfi * Pages 15-34
    Building stocks are the most important physical capacity for infill development and planning for their preservation, restoration and improvement in order to re-use has been an important chapter on urban conservation during the last decades. According to official statistics, parallel to paradigm shifts in the field of urban regeneration and active conservation, using old buildings in European cities has increased and the demolition and reconstruction of historical and aged structures have been pushed into the margin. In a comparison one could easily see how many of the old structures in the Iranian cities have been demolished in recent years and an important number of characteristic buildings have vanished from the urban context easily; what have been substituted has no relevance to the tangible and intangible values, lost within the process. The process of adaptive re-use is an outstanding criteria in the way of safeguarding physical and architectural identity and strengthening the ‘placefulness’ of historic fabrics and urban cores. In the contemporary literature of urban regeneration, some positive characteristics and principles like social and environmental sustainability, sense of place, planning mechanism upgrading, economical efficiency and built environment authenticity are attributed to the adaptive re-use of aged structures. Meanwhile the possibility to re-use the aged structure is something that should be considered in a technical and timely manner. The life cycle of building materials and the course of inevitable decline have a tremendous role in how and when a structure could be regained and reintroduced to the urban life cycle. This article revises the process of adaptive reuse and its benefits and parallel to the subject, proposes a new equivalent for the title of ‘Adaptive Reuse’ in Persian which would refer to the both parts of the term in a literary and semantic manner. Introducing the ‘Adaptive Reuse Potential’ model would be a solution for tracing the decay curve of aged structures and assessing the building adaptive reuse design and obsolescence criteria. This model and its subordinate equations demonstrate the point of maximum potential and the effective useful life of a building subject to adaptive reuse. As the Adaptive Reuse has also a policy-making aspect, estimating the condition of the buildings and calculating the potential that determines whether they could be brought back to the cycle as suitable infrastructures having the peciularities needed for a contemporary role is very crucial to the course. Implementing this model in a case study reveals its condition of obsolescence and the potential for the recovery of an aged structure into a new life cycle. An old and architecturally valuable building in the historic-modern core of Tehran [Lāleh Hotel in Lālehzār-e-no Ave.], has been assessed by ARP model and confirm this hypothesis that there are many potentially good buildings capable to be re-used in the inner parts of Iranian cities which have been fallen into oblivion and if the chance of undertaking adaptive reuse projects is missed, there will be an inevitable scenario for them to be demolished and reconstructed; a deep pity for the future generation of citizens disconnected of their glorious architectural background.
  • Morteza Mirgholami * Pages 35-47
    Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts.
  • Tahere Nasr *, Amin Rismani, Mansour Bahadori Pages 47-62
    Man is considered as a successor to God Almighty on the earth in Islamic teachings. Therefore, man as the Divine Caliph should seek to manifest those qualities that lead to an environment conducive to human life and the development of the earth. When encountering phenomena and his own actions, he must observe some principles, the most important of which such as the observance of justice can be inferred from the nature (as the divine creation). To understand the fundamental of a school of thought that fosters the protection of the nature and natural elements as a strong culture and belief in a given society, one needs to take into account the origins of such a school. When encountering the nature and natural components, the Iranian culture uses the Holy Quran as one of the most important sources whose teaching and doctrines form and direct the Iranian culture.
    Addressing the components of natural identity affecting architecture and as emphasized in Quranic verses and traditions, this paper explores natural elements as the main variables of “life” and their role in the Islamic-Iranian residential architecture especially “yards”. In current study, residential architecture of Shiraz is like link in the chain that links two introspective and extrovert architecture in central points and other points of Iran.
    In total, Shiraz residential architecture and its houses has been dedicated this city. In general, it can be said that one of the richest examples of residential culture of Iranian architecture is in Shiraz traditional houses.
    The historical houses constructed in Zand, Qajar and Pahlavi eras were used as the sample under study. In addition, some solutions were provided for the current period so that thinkers can be able to take into account the pure Islamic life. Selective houses include Mohtasham house, Kazamzadeh house and Akbari house from Zand era, Forough-al-molk house, Manteghi-nejhad house and Atrvash house from Qajar era. Also, Shapouri house, Mohandesi house and Rashali house from Pahlavi era have been studies as other samples.
    The main questions: Are there any climate elements in Shiraz residential architecture of zand, Qajar and Pahlani eras?
    How climate elements have been effective on identity of architectural form in each period?
    So, in this article climatic components and elements effective in Iranian traditional architecture have been studied. These components include wind, sunlight, humidity and plants and some climatic components such as balcony, central courtyard, windows area, height difference between building and courtyard. These parameters have been analyzed in samples case studies.
    Research study: A qualitative research method was used and the data were collected through library sources and documents.
    In field studies structure of Shiraz residential architecture has been attention in Zand, Qajar and Pahlavi periods. In sample case studies natural components of identity in architecture have been analyzed as the main parameters.
    The results suggest that there is a relationship between verses of the Quran and hadiths and paying attention to “life” and “the issue of residence in the Islamic-Iranian architecture” as manifested in the elements of natural identity in each climate.
  • Gisoo Qaem * Pages 63-78
    The Iranian gardens architecture and their design have a special position in the world and they are being famous because of this matter. Iranian gardens are one of the national symbols and cultural signs of our country.
    Iranian gardens from the point of traditions and principles view have many innovations and fine details. In Iranian gardens, nothing is dysfunctional and designed only for aesthetic. Everything which is useful and helpful, are designed beautifully. An Iranian garden is a beautiful artwork, multipurpose and multi functional. But some design principles govern there that people of this territory have adhered to these unwritten principles from a long time ago. The main question that has made author to do this research is, if the Iranian pre-Islamic gardens architecture has had any effect on the Iranian Islamic gardens architecture? In this research, the author has used the archaeological information about pre-Islamic Iranian gardens and tried to find the architectural knowledge from archaeological information.
    The main goal in this research, is the recognition of the Iranian pre-Islamic gardens architecture and to discover their repetitive architectural design principles and comparing these features with the architecture of Islamic Iranian gardens.
    This study has achieved on information by referring to books, papers and web pages that have information about the Iranian Pre-Islamic gardens basically.This paper is an output of a research which was based on written sources. It must be mentioned that the author has visited all the gardens mentioned in this study.
    It should be noted that one of the main problems of this research is a lot of information existence in articles and books repeated unproved subjects of which the author has followed the rejection.
    For example Chaharbagh idiom in Iranian gardens᾿ design which includes two perpendicular axes, has caused Stronach who is the Archaeologist of Pasargadae, to draw the longitudinal axis of the garden without being aware of this discovery in his exploration. At first he drew it as a dotted line because he had guessed that it might have been real, it has been there and was gradually destroyed.
    After Stronach, other researchers changed that dotted line to full line and called it as an existing one. In this way they introduced Pasargadae as the first Chaharbagh in Iran. Accepting Pasargadae as the first Chaharbagh, was also a reason for introducing other gardens as Chaharbagh. This paper attempts to explain these wrong ideas.
    Two Assurian gardens, Pasargadae garden, Shaour garden, Kakhe Khosro and Taghe Bostan are introduced in this paper and the architectural design principles of these gardens are defined.
    To understand the architecture of pre-Islamic gardens, orientation of pre-Islamic gardens, hierarchy of entry of the garden, the impact of four divisions in the design of garden, the slope of garden, fountain, natural landscape, the architecture of the palace of garden and repetitive rhythm of walls around garden were considered.
    The design principles of Assurian gardens are concluded as: gardens full of trees, a river full of water with the possibility of sailing, garden on slope, the building of the temple at the highest altitude, hunting birds in the garden, alcove in the lower slope of the garden, diagonal drains, regular and repetitive garden fence walls, royal palace which has balcony was situated in the upper height of the garden, watchtower for care.
    The design information of Pasargadae garden can be summarized as: dividing the garden into inner garden and external garden, hierarchy of entry, building residential-palace in the inner garden, long balconies facing inner garden, rectangular channels and small ponds ordering specially to irrigate the garden, using natural landscape to make garden complex.
    Architectural lessons which Shaour garden has for Iranian architecture of gardens can be summarized as: lack of visibility to the inner garden for everybody, creating porch to see the inner garden, visibility from private life space to the garden, presence of fountain in the center of garden.
    Architectural lessons of Kakhe Khosro garden can be summarized as: presence of inner and outer part of the palace, lack of visibility to the inner garden for all, creating balcony to see the inner garden, view from private life part to the garden, locating fountain in the center of the garden, constructing the building of the garden on a platform with 8 m. height, vast longitude green space following along the courtyard, joining longitude axes of green space and courtyard, large pool in the green space, the pool and built domed space have joint to the longitude axes, the palace of the garden has specified inner and outer part, columned hall and room with domed ceiling face to the outer courtyard, small shrine houses face to the inner courtyard, vast natural garden outside the palace fence, large pool in the middle of garden which is outside the fence, joining longitude axes of the garden and the fountain and the palace building.
    Architectural lessons for Iranian architectures that can be obtained from Taghe Bostan garden studying, can be summarized as: Taghe Bostan as a royal hunting garden, presence of a regular fence around the garden, a hedge as a garden fence, the landscape of the garden is a natural one, there is a large river with boats sailing on it, regular divisions of garden show a worthy discipline of kingship, a specified entrance to the fence of garden.
    Finally the mutual features in the design criteria of pre-Islamic gardens have been compared with the architectural principles of the Iranian garden design and as a result of the pre-Islamic gardens architectural design effect principles, on the Islamic gardens architecture and recent gardens have been specified.
    Being involved with design principles of Iranian Islamic gardens, the articles and books of specialists and expert researchers in the field of Iranian Islamic gardens design have been studied and design principles of the gardens have been extracted from their books and articles.
    After comparing the design principles which have been used in the architecture of pre Islamic gardens with design principles have been used in the architecture of Islamic gardens can be found on the following common principles: Presence of geometry in the architecture of Persian garden, presence of water and psychological and climatically impact of them in the architecture of Iranian garden, presence of fountain for supplying water and beauty of the landscape in front of palace, using symmetry to design Persian garden, symmetry of built palace in the garden, The main sight axes are symmetrically, using straight lines in architectural design, the importance of the economic aspect of the garden, being a fence around the garden, being surrounded by a wall surrounding or plant.This paper is an attempt to introduce the results that are obtained from the research on pre-Islamic architecture of our country, Iran. It should be mentioned that the reason of researched and selected gardens for this paper was the presence of them in Iran's current territory and their visibility by the author and the existence of many written sources about them. Although the number of pre-Islamic gardens of Iran are much more than discussed ones, in this paper, only some of them were chosen to be investigated.
    I hope this article can make a small contribution in recognition of the Iranian architectural heritage.
  • Ali Pourjafar, Ehsan Ranjbar *, Ali Khorami Pages 79-94
    Today, cities need public spaces for social interactions. Shortage of land on the ground level in metropolitan areas is a big challenge for creating public spaces. Using underground spaces for creating public space in urban areas could be an efficient answer to solve mention problem. Using underground area as an urban space is a wise decision for creation of more public spaces in big cities. Creating well organized underground urban spaces for various activities instead of normal unplanned underground spaces need theoretical foundation. It seems existing underground spaces in cities such as Toronto, Montreal, Osaka, Paris and Stockholm and future underground spaces need unique urban design qualities to act as riche public spaces.
    This research is a kind of scientific study on urban design qualities of underground urban spaces. The main aim and objective of this research is to derive appropriate urban design qualities for high quality of underground urban spaces. Basically, quality of urban spaces was defined through observing and descripting existing underground urban spaces and their documents such as reports, maps and photograph; beside analysing various available urban design theories.
    Importance of accessibility, legibility and their impressive impact on an urban space are significant points that learned from urban design researcher who focus on the mentioned qualities. Special academic information in scientific papers available in national scientific databases of Iran like http: //sid. ir and “http: //www. magiran. com” shows urban design researchers highlight some of the qualities such as social interaction, security, visual quality and identity. Some of the leading researcher in the field of urban design has focused on accessibility and other qualities like scale of space shape and form, identity in England and America. Underground urban space should answer various urban complexities affecting urban design quality, which differentiate the determination of quality of this kind of space from those on the ground level. Underground urban space requires unique qualities to perform in a different level from other areas of the city such as those on the ground level.
    In this regard, according to the characteristics of underground urban spaces, it is necessary to provide a set of urban design quality for these types of urban spaces. Underground urban spaces should be studied with respect to technical (mechanical & electrical), architectural and urban design aspects to provide truly useful results. Therefore in relation with urban design quality, it is important to consider the technical aspects. The technical aspect of locating infrastructure at same level of underground urban space is one of the significant aspects which affect the quality of these spaces.
    According to Sariyildiz & Durmisevic [29] and Pourjafar [18], Key aspects that could have influence on underground space design include: accessibility and enclosure; sense of orientation; spatial proportions; communication with the outside world; natural and artificial lighting; materials and colors; noise level; and air quality. Research carried out by the Dutch Railway in 1996 included both above and underground train stations (as underground urban space) and showed that the most negatively experienced places in the stations are the platforms and places where tunnel were located. The reasons for the negative experience are mainly: unwanted behavior of other people, abandonment, darkness and poor visibility. Architecture integrates both function and form. Through form and function the psychological aspects are interwoven by having an influence on the experience of space in a given context. Only when both are together, they give to each other a meaning and a quality. Considering the psychological aspects which can be strongly influenced by the form and functional aspects is very important. In this way the relationship between spatial characteristics, being form and function, and psychological aspects becomes more transparent. [29] The clear meaning of the concept of quality in the field of urban design will help to understand relationship between underground urban space and its set up of quality. Important qualities in three groups such as function, form and psychological aspects could be explained as follow:
    Function: communicational patterns, accessibility, space integration, Acoustic, soundscape, lightning, air quality and temperature. [29]
    Psychological aspects: Impact of wide and visible view of space for consumers to feel secure and crime prevention (C. P. T. E. D), Escape possibility in crisis, natural lightning, social control, sense of orientation, comfort, maintenance, attraction, various services and infrastrucres. [18]
    Shape & Form: tonality and materials harmony in paving, ceiling and wall, structure and partition walls, dimension, natural and artificial furniture, location and design of stairs and escalators.
    Overall, it can be found that the most important qualities that response to people’s needs in an underground urban space are security, comfort, legibility and orientation.
    The result of this research indicates that: based on discussion on underground space features and people’s essential needs in city scale, underground space qualities derived from international and national urban design researcher’s views and reports of urban design projects in USA & England and various case studies in Tehran. Successful underground space project experiences such as Toronto, Montreal, Osaka, Paris and Stockholm; show appropriate qualities for this kind of space like: Social interaction & liveliness, safety, stability, identity, legibility (sense of orientation), diversity, accordance, homology, sense of belonging, comfort, accessibility, flexibility, moderation and space scale. Therefore underground urban space qualities have to be classified with respect to main underground urban space features and their location under the surface of the ground. In this paper a new model is purposed to create effective various responsive underground urban spaces. This new practical model can be called model of overall quality of underground urban space. Overall qualities of underground urban space were classified into three groups, called: «Outer space» qualities, «In-between space» qualities and «Inner space» qualities (Fig. 1).
  • Mohammadmehdi Moulaii *, Rasool Soleymani Pages 95-104
    Historical textures of Iranian cities are the expression of our long-standing values and traditions, and preserving and reviving them can be a valuable cultural-social source for future generations. They represent the collective wisdom of our ancestors who have been able to bring such structures that combine science, knowledge, art and experience. Addressing this valuable heritage in fact guides us to the use of rich past experiences and can be a continuation of a culture that depends on historical continuity.
    Iranian historic houses, like gems in precious historical textures, are a collection of history of life, art, beliefs, customs, and irani-islamic lifestyles, and they can in some way be considered as a museum of all cultural and social customs of old generations.
    Today, with the revitalization and rehabilitation of this valuable heritage, in addition to the cultural and historical protection of these works and the promotion of these customs among citizens, economic stimulus has been created in the city, which has led to economic growth and urban development, and suitable economic groups for the promotion of urban incomes. The growth of the tourism and tourism industry, which is today considered one of the most important principles in attracting capitals. Through studying the experiences of world successful countries in this area, we can provide a conceptual model for recreating valuable historic houses and creating economic mobility.
    Today, cities have begun to move towards the use of their relative advantages in the region and the world in the wake of the globalization of the economy and the competition between them in order to play a more significant role in this competitive market. Cities know that building capital infrastructure in city-capable departments can help them compete from other cities in order to make it more successful in this globalization process.