مجله علمی شیلات ایران
سال بیست و ششم شماره 5 (پیاپی 103، آذر و دی 1396)

This aim of present study is to prepare Kilka dried flavored (Clupeonella cultriventris). We evaluated nutritional value, chemical factors and shelf life in salt (group 1), vinegar (group 2), mustard Sauce (group 3) and tomato sauce (group 4)-treated flavored dried Kilka. Flavored Kilka were placed in industrial dryer for 12 hours (in per 40 and 80 oC temperatures) and packaged through conventional method. Sampling was done after production and intervals 15 days. Salt absorption was 10%. Protein levels was showed significant changes in treatment 3 compared with treatment 2 (p<0.05). During storage in room temperature, was observed significant difference in chemical factors such as  TVB-N, pH, peroxide value and Thiobarbitouric acid and sensory factors such as odor, flavor and color(p<0.05). Moisture, fat and ash remained unchanged. Flavor did not significant differences in 1 and 2 treatments compared with other groups(p>0.05). Color and fragility decreased significantly in 3 and 4 groups(p<0.05). Fragility increased significantly in treatment 2 compared with 3 and 4 groups(p<0.05). Our results demonstrated that vinegar treated Kilka has a better quality compared with other treatments. Experimental treatments had a favorable quality for 45 days in room temperature.

Industrial usage of different macro algae has grown exponentially during the last decade. Nutritional applications for human feeding and multiple therapeutic are their main important exploitation. This work is aimed at providing information on a species of Sargassum so as to promote this alga to be potentially profitable from biotechnology and commercial perspectives, and also benefit public health. The proximate composition, total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, alginic acid yield of brown seaweed, Sargassum ilicifolium were studied. The seaweed was high in carbohydrate (33.38-40.21% DW) and low in lipid content (0.17-0.04% DW). Total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity of this seaweed species are 28.66±3.05 mg /g and (36.66±9.86 mg /g respectively. This seaweed showed (12.6-15.0%) alginic acid yield which can be used as immune- stimulant in food and feed.

This study was carried out at the southeast of the Caspian Sea on the shores of the Goharbaran region during 2013-2014. Sampling was repeated monthly in eight stations. A total of 157 species of phytoplankton, 10 species of zooplankton and 24 species from macro invertebrate were identified. There were significant differences based on abundance and biomass among different biological groups in various stations (p<0.05). Comparing the abundance and density of phytoplankton in different seasons showed that there was an increasing trend in phytoplankton from spring to winter, whereas the abundance and biomass of zooplankton showed a decreasing trend. The results of the multivariate statistical analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in different months showed that the biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton had the highest correlation (0.943), whereas the abundance of zooplankton and jelly comb had the highest correlation which could be due to their physiological structure and ecobiological conditions. In conclusion, ecological relationships among biological groups can be due to the abundance and biomass changes, species diversity, environmental parameters, predator, seasonal changes, feeding habits and environmental pollutions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biofloc (with addition of spoilage date palm extract (SDE) and molasses as sugar sources) on bacterial load of water, growth performance and intestine of Litopenaeus vannamei using diets containing different protein levels. Four biofloc treatments were designated including the biofloc treatment with SDE + a diet containing 25% protein (P25), biofloc treatment with molasses + a diet containing 25% protein (M25), biofloc treatment with SDE + a diet containing 15% protein (P15), biofloc treatment with molasses + a diet containing 15% protein (M15) and the control treatment with a diet containing 38% protein (Control). All treatments were conducted in triplicates. A 35-day study was conducted on 35 juvenile shrimp (with average weight of 5.37±0.33 g) which randomly stocked in fifteen tanks (each 300 L) at a stocking density of 175 shrimp m−3. The highest amounts of growth parameters (weight gain, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), growth rate and survival) were observed in P25 treatment and the lowest amounts of growth parameters were observed in the control (P<0.05). Moreover, the highest percentages of body weight index, feed efficiency and specific growth rate were observed in P25 and the lowest percentages of those were observed in M15 treatment (P<0.05). Results showed that the number of total heterotrophic bacteria was increased during the study and the numbers of total heterotrophic bacteria in all biofloc treatments were higher than that of the control. The highest and the lowest numbers of fungi, vibrio and bacillus were found in P25 treatment and the control treatment, respectively. The length of the epithelial cells of the intestine was increased in all biofloc treatments as compared to the control but this difference was significant in the first abdominal segment, only. The result demonstrated that the effects of SDE were better than molasses, which could be due to the presence of useful compounds such as the growth and immunity promoters in it.

Extensive use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has raised concerns about the environmental risks caused by these NPs entering into aquatic ecosystems. The aims of the present study were to assess the short term effects of ZnO-NPs on activities of metabolic enzymes and haematological parameters of the Caspian trout juveniles. Fish were exposed to 10% of LC50-96h for 4 days. Blood samples were collected from fish after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of exposure. Analysis of blood parameters showed that the numbers of red blood cells, haematocrit, haemoglobin, white blood cells, neutrophils and monocytes were significantly increased as compared to those of the control group (p<0.05), whereas the numbers of lymphocytes were decreased significantly compared to that of the control group (p<0.05). Enzyme activity levels of ALP, AST and ALT after 96 hours of exposure and enzyme activity level of LDH after 48 hours of exposure to ZnO-NPs were significantly increased as compared to those of the control group (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the sensitivity of the Caspian trout juveniles to the sub-lethal concentration of ZnO nanoparticles were relatively high. Therefore, alteration in haematological parameters can be a useful indicator for studying the short term effects of ZnO-NPs.

In this investigation, the amounts of organic matter, types of sediment and distribution of macrobenthic species in the Boojagh Marine National Park (BMNP) were studied. Sampling was conducted in six transects perpendicular to the beach using a Van Veen grab sampler using cross section of 20 cm with five replications. Samples were collected in five seasons (from summer 2015 to summer 2016). Each transect include three stations at various depths of 1, 5 and 10 meters. Samples were washed and fixed in formalin. Then, they were transferred to a laboratory for sorting and identification of different groups of macrobenthic taxons. The identified species were as follows; Cerastoderma glaucum, Mytilaster lineatus, Pyrgula grimmi, Anisus kolesnikovi, Stenogammarus carusui, Paraniphargoides motasi, Onisimus caspius, Pterocuma pectinatum, Pterocuma sowinskyi, Pseudocuma (Stenocuma) gracile, Naiss sp., Hypania invalida, Manayunkia caspica, Streblospio gynobranchiata, Hediste diversicolor and Amphibalanus improvisus. Evaluation of sediment composition indicated that the highest proportions belonged to sand with an average amount of 89/25%, whereas the lowest proportions belonged to clay with an average amount of 0/26%. with highly significant difference among sand identified with other particles (p<0/01). The average percentage of organic matter in the summer 2015 in the fourth transect at the depth of five meters was significantly lower than that of the others (p<0/01). The highest density of macrobenthos was at the depth of 10 meters. Macrobenthos density was the highest in the summer 2015 and was the lowest in the spring 2016 as compared to the other seasons.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici and Agaricus bisporus administration on some blood and non-specific immune parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The total number of 180 fish with average weight of 19.06±0.69 g was adapted to laboratory conditions for 2 weeks. Afterwards, they were divided into 12 fiberglass tanks with the density of 15 fish in a tank. The study was performed in a complete randomize design for 2 months using 4 dietary treatments including the commercial diet (control group), commercial diet supplemented with P. acidilactici (0/9×107 CFU/g), commercial diet supplemented with mushroom powder (10 g/kg), and commercial diet supplemented with the combination of P. acidilactici (0/9×107 CFU/g) and mushroom powder (10 g/kg). At the end of the study, the results indicated that there was no significant difference in the number of red blood cells (RBC) among various groups. The highest levels of hemoglobin )8/15±0/37)(g/dL), MCV, 223/63±23/77(fL), MCH, 56/21±5/31(pg) and the lowest amount of white blood cell count, 9/73±1/00 (×103 cell/ml) were observed in the synbiotic group (P<0.05). Furthermore, hematocrit (32/43±1/69%) and MCHC (25/17±1/06 %) showed a slight increase in the synbiotic treatment compared to the control group (P>0.05). Significant differences in the total immunoglobulin, lysozyme activity and ACH50 were not found among various experimental groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, the commercial diet supplemented with the combination of the probiotic (0/9×107 CFU/g) and prebiotic (10 g/kg) improved some blood parameters in common carp.

Site selection is a key factor in any aquaculture operation which makes land use sustainable. This study was conducted to identify the appropriate sites for development of shrimp culture in the southern cost of Bushehr Province using geographical information systems (GIS) and Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) by creating a database of information layers, criterias and effective alternatives including pond construction (slope, elevation, land use types and soil thickness), soil quality (type, texture and pH of soil), sea water availability (distance to sea and type of water source), and social and economic infrastructure (population density and distance to roads, local markets, and hatcheries) were obtained from the Landsat 8 satellite images and processed in GIS environment. The constraint layer was excluded from the areas that were not allowed to implement shrimp farming. An Analytical hierarchy model was developed to identify and prioritize the most suitable areas for shrimp farming. The Landsat images and 13 thematic layers were analyzed using ENVI and GIS. By consolidating and overlaying the data layers, the final map of the appropriate places for shrimp farming was prepared and classified the area of study in four various zones (most suitable, suitable, moderately suitable and not suitable). The study revealed that 18781 ha (16%) was categorized in the most suitable group, 46899 ha (40%) was suitable, 47784 ha (40.7%) was moderately suitable and 3818 ha (3.3%) was not suitable. These results were consistent with field verification. The map accuracy was evaluated by the method of Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC). The result of ROC (0.749) indicated the validity of the presented model. The results of the present study can help to develope shrimp farms and increase diversity of the economic activities in the coastal zone.

Phycocyanin is a blue pigment of Spirulina algae that has antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, primary culture of Spirulina was performed in the modified Zarrouk medium. Phycocyanin was extracted enzymatically using lysozyme and was purified by the use of ammonium sulfate 40% solution. The stability of phycocyanin was evaluated by the split factorial experiment in a completely randomized design based on three factors including temperature (-18, 4 and 10°C), pH (4.5, 5.5 and 7) and time (15, 30 and 45 days). The concentration and purity of phycocyanin in the crude extract were 1.815 mg/ml and 0.825, respectively whereas the concentration and purity of phycocyanin in the purified extract were 3.751 mg/ml and 1.135, respectively. The results showed that the stability of phycocyanin was relatively decreased by increasing the storage time at various temperatures. However, the highest stability of phycocyanin was observed at -18°C followed by 4°C with the same trend in the range of pH. By increasing the storage temperature to 10°C, the stability of phycocyanin drastically reduced especially in a pH of 5.5 and the absorbance of light was reached to zero in 30 days. The best conditions for the minimum concentration loss of phycocyanin were in a pH of 4.5 at -18 °C and storage duration of 30 days. According to the results, it is possible to use phycocyanin in the food products that are stored in cold or freezing temperatures such as dairy products and ice cream.

In this study, comparative effects of chitosan and nanochitosan coatings enriched with green tea extract were analyzed on quality of Costal trevally fish (Carangoides coeruleopinnatus) during refrigerated (4±1 ºC) storage at 12 days. For this purpose, the costal trevally fillets were coated into three groups, 2% chitosan solution containing 0.5% green tea extract, nanochitosan (2% chitosan, 2% polyphosphate) containing 0.5% green tea extract and acetic acid solution as control sample. Antimicrobial effect of chitosan and nanochitosan coatings enriched with green tea extract was evaluated by count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and psychrophilic bacteria, physicochemical properties including pH, TBARS, TVBN and FFA. Sensory evaluation determined by 15 persons who asked to evaluate the flavor, odor, overall acceptability of samples in days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12. The results of physicochemical and bacterial analysis showed that samples treated with chitosan and nanochitosan coatings enriched with green tea extract were lower changes compared to control group. TVB-N, FFA, TBA and pH content in the samples of chitosan and nanochitosan coatings enriched with green tea extract were 20.30, 19.40 mgN/100g, 1.46, 1.05 % Oleic acid and 0.66, 0.42 mg MDA/kg and 7.61, 7.49, respectively. The results of sensory characteristics were showed that treated fillets had high score compared to control samples. Both chitosan and nanochitosan coatings were effective for the preservation of costa trevally fillets during refrigerated storage. However, nanochitosan exhibited higher antimicrobial and antioxidant activity than chitosan during the storage period. Therefore, to extend the shelf life and delay the deterioration of fresh costal trevally fillets during refrigerated storage, nanochitosan coating is more effective.

Analysis of phytoplankton community structure of an aquatic ecosystem is the first priority for evaluating water quality, estimating water pollution and studying the possibility of exploiting them. In the present study, the wetlands of Mahabad, Hasanlu and Yadegarlu in West Azarbayjan were evaluated. Sampling was performed seasonally throughout the year. The total number of 94 species from five phyla (Streptophyta, Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, Moizoa, and Cyanophyta) and 11 classes (Bacillariophyceae, Zygnematophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Mediophyceae, eustigmatophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Ulvophyceae)  was identified. The highest levels of phytoplankton diversity in these three lagoons were found in Streptophytae and Chlorophytae (59%) following by diatoms (21%) and cyanobacteria (8%), respectively. The variations of phytoplankton communities in Hasanlu (63 taxa) and Mahabad lakes (51 taxa) were quite similar. Yadegarlu Lake showed the lowest level of phytoplankton diversity (30 taxa) with different community composition which was typical for temporal wetlands in temperate zones. In Yadegarlu Lake, flagellates and cyanobacteria showed adaptive traits to extreme conditions and periods of drought by formation of resistant cysts and akinetes, respectively.

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) is an acute viral disease leads to great losses in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The disease has three different clinical forms including acute, chronic and nervous with different clinical and necropsy signs. This research  was conducted in Iran from 2013 to 2015 in 2641 rainbow trout farms (Hatcheries and fish farms) in order to describe the gross pathology pattern of this disease. The observed signs in the present study were categorized into the five different groups including group 1 with general signs of septicemia, group 2 with hemorrhagic signs, group 3 with nervous signs, group 4 with anemia signs and group 5 with high mortality. All infected farms were inspected and clinical and necropsy signs and mortality rate were recorded based on the designated forms and registered in Geographical Information System (GIS) of Iran veterinary organization (the electronic system for surveillance and monitoring of animals). Results of each year were evaluated descriptively and analytically using chi square test. The dominant group based on the registered signes during 3 years of survey was mortality in 2013, general signs of septicemia in 2014, and general signs of septicemia in 2015. The observed frequency of signs were highest for the general septicemia group and lowest for the anemia group during three years of study. According to the results of the present study, it seems that VHS gross pathology pattern in Iran has been changed from acute manifestation to the chronic form. As the general signs common to a number of diseases, it is so important for clinicians to consider VHS in their differential diagnosis lists.

In this study, the effects of Lactobacillus which was isolated from the gut of rainbow trout were evaluated on growth parameters, survival rate and resistance of rainbow trout to Streptococcus iniae. This bacterium was added to the fish diet in 3 treatments (log 7, 8 and 9) and a control treatment was considered. The effects of various treatments on growth parameters and survival were evaluated in day 30 and day 60. At the final stage, resistance of treated fish to streptococcosis was evaluated. The results showed that Lactobacillus was able to improve the growth parameters (weight, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, coefficient of obesity, specific growth rate and protein yield coefficient) and survival rate of fish in which the log 8 LAB showed a significant difference compared to the other treatments and the control treatment. The challenge of rainbow trout with Streptococcus iniae indicated that the highest survival rate was observed in the treatment with the log 8 LAB (96.66%), whereas the lowest survival rate was observed in the control treatment (25.38%). These results indicated that Lactobacillus which was isolated from the gut of rainbow trout showed probiotic properties and improved growth parameters of fish. Moreover, it increased the resistance of rainbow trout to streptococcosis.

Population growth, industrial development, climate changes and environmental pollutants reduce the quality of available water resources. Nowadays, limited resources of freshwater and maintaining their qualities are the biggest challenges for the management of water resources. To investigate the water quality of Tajan River, 4 sampling stations were selected along the river. Sampling was performed montly from May 2011 to April 2012 and replicated 3 times for each station. The NSFWQI, BMWP, ASPT and HBI indices were calculated based on the obtained data. The NSFWQI indicated that the water quality of Tajan River was in the “Poor” category. The BMWP index showed that the water quality was in the “Medium” category (for station 1, 2 and 3) and in the “Poor” category (for station 4). The water quality was placed in the “Suspected of pollution” and “Moderately polluted” categories by the ASPT index. HBI index pointed out that the water quality was in the “Relatively weak” and “Weak” categories. According to the results of this study, the water quality of Tajan River ranged from medium to very bad.

This research was conducted to assess the Bahmanshir river health and biodiversity using Nygard-Palmer index. Phytoplankton sampling was performed monthly by the use of a 30-micrometer mesh size plankton net at 6 different stations along the river since September 2013 to August 2014. A total of 109 species of microalgae (phytoplankton) were identified in which Bacillariophyta was the dominant phylum with 87 species. More than 90% of all samples were consisted of diatoms during the whole year excluding July and August. The phylum Cyanophyta was formed 19 and 37% of all samples in July and August, respectively. Among the species of Bacillariophyta, Coscinodiscus sp. and Coscinodiscus oculus were dominant in all months especially at the stations in marine environment of the river estury (station 5 and 6). In the phylum Cyanophyta, Oscillatoria sp. was the dominant species at station 1 and 2 (freshwater condition) in July and August 2014. The presence of pollution-tolerant algae such as Oscillatoria, Navicula, Scenedesmus, Nitzschia, Fragilaria, Pediastrum, Cymbella, Synedra, Gomphonema, Cyclotella, Pinnularia and Spirogyra at various stations of the Bahmanshir River indicated organic pollution of the river with large quantities of organic compounds. Evaluating the saprobic indices showed that all  stations excluding station 6 were in the alpha mesosaprobic class. Similar results were obtained from the Nygard-Palmer indices. The presence of pollution-tolerant phytoplanctons could be a warning sign of declining water quality in the river.

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E as complementary additives on stress recovery of common carp juveniles that were exposed to cadmium. 135 juveniles (34±3g) were divided into three groups. The first (control) and the second (non-feed additive) group fed with the standard diet for common carp and the third group (complementary) fed with the diet containing 1 percent Shirazi thyme and vitamine E (100 mg/Kg dry weight of diet). All of the experimental groups (except the control group) were challenged with sublethal concentration of cadmium (1.5 mg/L). Then, plasma enzymes and biochemical parameters were evaluated at 0, 7 and 15 days after cadmium exposure. Cadmium exposure led to significant increase in the amounts of AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose and creatinine in the non-feed additive group, whereas the amounts of plasma enzymes and biochemical parameters in the complementary group were not changed after cadmium exposure as compared to those of the control group (p>0.05). In conclusion, using Shirazi thyme and vitamin E led to improvement in stress responses of common carp against waterborne cadmium.

The species of the Ruppia maritima were Sampled from Caspian Sea coasts and Water Channel of Shrimp Pond in Golestan Province in Summer of 2016.
 Identification and Confirmation of Species Scientific name performed by Internal References and Relasionsheep to Forien Experts. The density of these species usually are very abundant in Caspian Sea coasts . This Species belonged to Kingdom of Plantae, Phylum of Tracheophyta, Class of  Angiosperm, Order of  Najadales, Family of Ruppiaceae, Gunes of Ruppia and species of maritima.  The distribution of the species is very large in world and often is in tropical and semi tropical area of Sea and Ocean. These species growing on mudy and mudy - sandy substrates with rhyzom and are primery productions in sea, also these species are suitable sheltered for important and commercial aquatic nursery. So, a little study performed in these case, because, in this research be identified and introduced these planes as other one of aquatic sourse of Iran.