مجله پژوهشهای گیاهی (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال سی‌ام شماره 2 (تابستان 1396)

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is an economically important medicinal plant which produces sweet steviol glycosides that act as a sugar substitute for diabetic and obese people. This study was conducted in order to comparing the effects of nutrient treatment and growth bed (included 16 media) on phytochemical characters of stevia grown on soil and soil less bed. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design, three replications and the data were analyzed statistically. The studied treatments of the related characters included total protein, soluble sugar, total phenols and Rebaudioside in the form of diterpenoid glycosides. The Results indicated positive significace of (p

In this study first, we classified Salahedin-Kola forests using TWINSPAN and modified TWINSPAN methods and then we evaluated the results of these two methods using TIVM model. The results showed that the conformity of TWINSPAN and modified TWINSPAN methods was 67.4% because of having different classification pattern. Furthermore, the quality of modified TWINSPAN result was higher than TWINSPAN. We determined four ecological groups as optimum in this region based on changes in diagram of conformity of modified TWINSPAN classification with TIVM method. The result of DCA confirmed the presence of four ecological groups in this region, too. The result of this study clearly showed that the quality of groups that had obtained from TIVM method was higher than Usual and modified TWINSPAN methods because they had lower within group and higher between group distances. So the result of this study specified that TIVM method not only it was used for evaluating the quality of classification results (used for comparing the quality groups that have obtained from usual and modified TWINSPAN), but also it was a very useful method for improving the classification results that had obtained from usual and modified TWINSPAN methods and should be noticed.

In modern agriculture , herbicides use is on of the important principles; but using allelopathic materials in weed control can reduce the toxic pressure on environment. In this Research, the allelopathic effects of above ground parts of Rye was studied on some morphological characters of Wheat, Rye, Oat and Phalaris as dominant weeds in winter wheat field; in a complete randomized block design(CRBD), with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were: water extract of Rye above ground part with concentrations of 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 g /li. The results showed the water extract affected significantly at all levels of the trails. Germination was reduced 58.15% and the maximum germination reduction was 70.9% compared to control. Root length percentage was 62.3 %, and Maximum root lenght reduction was 70.8 % compared to control. Shoot length percentage was 61% and the maximum shoot length reduction was 68.3% compared to control. And delay in germination was obtained at least 5.6 days and it maximum of 6.24 day. The results also showed that germination and growth of Wheat, Rye, Oat and Phalaris was significantly affected by rye above ground part. This inhibitory effect of rye can be used for weed control during the fallow season.

Khorasanicum currant (Ribes khorasanicum) is one of the endemic species of monogenus Grossulariaceae family which its natural regeneration has been encountered with severe reduction due to livestock grazing, low seeds regeneration potential. It is mainly regenerated by vegetative method via rhizome. Since, the successfulness of regeneration using seed culture and cutting method was not acceptable. So, one of the recommended possible method for conservation of endangered species is multiplying and preservation them using in vitro tissue cultures techniques. But, one of the most probable problems of micropropagated plantlets is the acclimatization to in vivo conditions and high mortality of tissue cultured plantlet during this process. Thus, this research was conducted to find out the most suitable acclimatization medium for this valuable medicinal endemic species. For this purpose the effect of different substrate compounds including peat moss, cocopeat, perlit and soil was evaluated on survival, height and root characteristics during acclimatization process. Results showed that, significant differences were observed in plantlets height, survival percentage, vigourity and leaf numbers between different substrates. But different substrates, has no significant effects on plantlets crown area. Results of analysis of variance on rooting characteristics showed that, significant differences were observed in root numbers, root length and plantlet root length. Totally, according to plantlets characteristics such as: survival percentage, vigourity, plantlet height, leaf numbers and plantlets root length, can be concluded that the best substrate for acclimatization of this species was peat moss substrates.

The pollen grains of ten Cornelian cherry (cornus mas L.) genotypes were tested for the determination of viability, germination rate, pollen production level and morphological homogeneity in Arasbaran district of East Azerbaijan, Iran. Viability of the pollen was determined by Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) and Iodine-potassium iodide (IKI) tests. Pollen germination tests were carried out with Hanging Drop method in sucrose solutions of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% and in 0.03, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% of boric acid. Also, pollen production and morphological homogeneity were determined by Hemacytometric method. The results showed that, in the TTC test, the highest percentage of viable pollen grain was found in C10 genotype (64.3%) and the lowest was found in C9 genotype (52.2%). Also, in the IKI test, the highest viable pollen was found in C5 genotype (87.2%) and the lowest in C8 genotype (74.2%). The Pollen germination rates were the highest in 15 and 20 % of sucrose and 0.03% of boric acid solutions. The maximum pollen production level was obtained from the C3 genotype. The morphological homogeneity level of pollens ranged from 96.7 to 90.5%.

The current study was conducted in the rangeland of Glandrood watershed in the province of Mazandaran. The main objective of this study was to compare between the ecological amplitude of Bromus tomentellus. and F.ovina, using the function HOF along the gradient of the environmental variables. For these purpose 153 plots of 1m2 were established along the altitude gradient. The sampling method was randomized-systematic. In the area sampled, frequency of Bromus tomentellus and F.ovina, altitude and slope were recorded. Soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm in each quadrate. Shape of response curve and the ecological optimum in relation to the mentioned variables, HOF function was used with binomial distribution function. The data were analyzed by R ver.3.0.2 software. The two species Bromus tomentellus and F.ovina mainly showed different ecological amplitude along the gradient environmental variables. The results showed that the ecological amplitude for two species has been recorded 2125-2975m. Ecological optimum along altitude gradient for Br.tomentellus and F.ovina has been recorded 2417.66 and -2585m respectively.. Also the response curve of Br. tomentellus and F.ovina to the altitude variable had increasing threshold behavior. Generally, this study showed that, Br. tomentellus and F.ovina species are native to mountain regions and cool, but the tolerance of F.ovina against low temperature was more than Br. tomentellus.

In this study, the leaves of Bene tree, grown up in Bagheran Mountain in Birjand were collected and dried with14 day's interval in spring. For phytochemical investigation Bene leaf extracts were prepared by maceration method, using ethanol, acetone and water as solvents. The obtained extracts were used for the detection of secondary metabolites and quantification of total phenols and flavonoids. Then, phenolic and flavonoid contents of extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Furthermore the antioxidant activity of plant extracts was evaluated by inhibiting free radical 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Leaf powder was used, to determine the physicochemical parameters and mineral elements. The presence of steroids, terpenoids, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, phytosterols and carbohydrates in plant leaves were identified. The highest phenol and flavonoid content of 39.95 and 5.11 (mg /g DW) were observed respectively in leaves aqueous extract of mid-May. The highest mineral concentration belonged to K (449.87 ppm) in the leaves on May 30.

Matthiola incana is one of the most important cut flowers in Iran. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of light intensities on the morphological and physiological characteristics of Matthiola incana, cv. Miracle White. The experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 5 replications and 2 observations. The light intensities of this study were 150 (as control), 225, 300, 375 and 450 μmolm-2s-1. Parameters measured were included plant height, area and number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, anthocyanins and total soluble sugars. The results showed that the area and number of leaves were increased significantly with increasing light intensity to 300 μmolm-2s-1 (30 and 19% respectively) and then were reduced with increasing more light intensity. Also fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems were increased significantly (up to 25%) by increasing the intensity of light to 300 μmolm-2s-1. In this research, the plant height was decreased with increasing light intensity and this reduction was significant in 450μmolm-2s-1. The amount of anthocyanin was significantly increased by addition of light intensity. The study also showed that the increasing of light intensity to plant tolerance level caused to increase photosynthetic pigments and total soluble sugars more than control. In general, the results of this research showed that light intensity can induce positive and favorable effects on growth and flowering of Matthiola.

Seed deterioration caused loss of seed quality, viability and germination ability to cause adverse environmental effects. Several factors can cause seed decay. The main cause of temperature, relative humidity, moisture content of seeds, damage to tissues by microorganisms and insects. The ability to predict the deterioration of seed for seed markets and germplasm is very valuable, because it can prevent the loss of seed quality and seed base in the form of regularly renewed. Accelerated ageing test is to put the seeds in artificial aging test conditions of temperature 40 C and relative humidity of 100%, which accelerates the seed metabolism, resulting in deterioration of seeds is rapidly. In this study seeds was placed artificially under 100% humidity at 45°C, for 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours in the incubator. Characterization of seed samples such as germination percentage, rate of germination, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight and seedling vigor index were treated. The results showed that all traits except root length were decreased significantly with increasing aging time. Accordingly, the mean time to germination, germination, vigor index, seedling fresh weight and shoot length of aging treatments showed a significant decrease with time. But the decrease of root lengths was not significant with increasing duration of treatment.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a well-known medicinal plant species from Asteraceae family mentioned in 26 countries pharmacopoeia. The aim of this research is to find the best landrace, explants, hormonal combination and environmental condition for the possibility of German chamomile regeneration under in vitro conditions. In this experiment the effect of different concentrations of BAP (4.4 and 8.8µM) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) (4.4 and 8.8µM) in combination with 2.2 µm IAA were evaluated with different landraces (Isfahan, Urumia, Oshnavieh and Shahindegh). The results indicated that Isfahan landrace had the highest regeneration rate (92.48%) on media supplemented with BAP (4.4 µm) in combination with IAA (2.2 µm). The maximum mean number of shoots (25 shoots per explants) obtained in genotype landrace on media containing BAP (4.4 µm) in combination with IAA (2.2 µm). For evaluating of Basal media and plant growth regulators on rooting of regenerated shoots, MS and 1/2 MS medium with (0.5, 1 mg/l) IBA and IAA were used. Result of rooting experiment showed that maximum rooting rate (100%) was occurred on hormone free 1/2 MS medium and MS medium supplemented with 0.5 1mg/l IBA. More than 90% of the regenerated plants were successfully acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse.

Soil pollution caused by heavy metals, is one of the environmental problems nowadays. Identification of the plants resident to heavy metals and pollution as a whole is very important, because planting these plants in industrial and polluted areas is caused cleaning up the environment. In this study two species of Pinus near the Sarcheshme copper complex, were examined. The species of Kantuiyeh arboretum were used as control. The content of heavy metals of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in zero and 20 cm soil levels and in different organs of plants, pH amount of soil and leaf structure were analyzed. pH amount was about 7 and 7.6 in polluted and non (less) polluted areas respectively. pH of surface (0) in non polluted area was lower compared with 20 cm depth while there was no significant difference between theses two levels in polluted region. The content of all heavy metals increased in polluted area compared with controls significantly. In addition, their amount was higher in surface area than 20 cm depth. Stems and in some cases leaves accumulated heavy metals more than roots, consequently both species are hyperccumulator. Leaves showed structural resistance against pollutants. The low assimilation rate of heavy metals, significant reduction of stomata number and size, increased thickness of epidermis and meshophile as well as resine ducts increase in P. eldarica indicate to its higher resistance than the other. Therefore, P. nigra can be recommended as a pollutants index and P. eldarica as a resistant species.

Horse hoof fungi belongs to Basidiomycetes fungi that attack as parasitic or semi-parasitic on timber and wood logs and cause disease and decay on the host trees. The presence of this fungus in the forest of Parak customary unit in Lorestan province provided a research theme to its Identification and dispersion. By studying the forest and monitoring, it was found that among the trees and shrubs in the area, Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach was infected to fungus called Phellinus allardii Bres. Then, the geographic location and growth characteristics of L. nummulariifolia trees were recorded that Phellinus allardii had been established on them. The results revealed that this fungus has been seen more as individuation on trees with trank diameter 25 to 50 cm, 50cm trank height, and its frequency was more on the stand trees and 0.75 of trees crown had 1/3 seared. In order to investigate the relationship between some dispersion factors with decay, ordinal logistic regression was used and it was found that among predictor variables (diameter class, slope percentage, aspect direction, elevation and crown dieback), crown dieback variable had significant effect on trees decay class (p0.05) and provided conditions for fungus attack

Bitter melon (Citrullus colocynthis L.) plants belonging to cucurbitaceae family which have important properties such as anti-diabetes, anti-virus, anti-microbe and anti-cancer effects. With consideration that has not any report from characteristics assessment of its Iranian genotypes, therefore in this study 15 accessions were collected from different regions of Iran and evaluated in respect of morphological traits and ElatericinB presence was evaluated in three selected genotypes. In order to evaluate morphological traits and prepare samples for phytochemical assessments, we used bitter melon plants were grown in natural habitat. Plant samples were dried in room temperature and then were extracted. High performance liquid chromatography was used for measuring Elatericin B content. Comparison of genotypes based on morphological traits showed that significant differences have been between genotypes in respect most assessed traits. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits classified genotypes in different four groups. Phytocemical assessment of three selected genotypes showed that anti-cancer Elatericin B content in different organs is different and maximum content of it was been in leaf organ of Bandan genotype. This research is the first report showed that anti-cancer Elatericin B in addition of fruit and leaves, in stems and root of this plant so has been found and can extract anti-cancer material from other organs of plant.

Quality of light received by leaves influences their photosynthesis. In current study, short-term effects of blue light were investigated in Tradescantia virginiana plants that have been grown in low and high vapour pressure deficits (VPD). Exposure to blue light decreased net photosynthesis (Pn) and internal carbon dioxide (Ci) compared to the control condition (combination of red (90%) and blue (10%) lights). During exposure to blue light, Ci values of high VPD-grown plants were higher than Ci values in the plants that were grown in low VPD. While, higher stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) were observed in low VPD-grown plants in comparison with gs and E values in high VPD-grown plants. After 30 minutes exposure to blue light, gs and E values were increased in both VPD conditions. Instant water use efficiency was decreased due to exposure to low VPD and blue light. There were no significant differences for PSII efficiency, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and leaf temperature between different VPDs, while exposure to blue light caused an increase in the NPQ. In conclusion, the results obtained from current study clearly showed that although blue light improved gs, it has negative effect on Pn. Furthermore, high VPD can optimize gas exchange and water conservation without negative effect on Pn in plant.

Water mint grows widely in Northern provinces of Iran. Plant shoots and soil samples have been collected before flowering phase from four different sites, east to the west of the province including Sari, Babol, Nowshahr and Tonekabon in the spring season 2013 in three replications. Essential oil extraction was carried out by hydro distillation method with Clevenger apparatus and essential oil yield has been calculated in different localities. Isolation and identification of the essential oil components have been carried out with Gass Cromatography (GC) and GC/MS. Soil features including elements amount, acidity (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC) have been measured. Data analysis has been carried out with SAS software ver. 9.1. The results indicated that the essential oil yield based on dry plant weight was between 0.254% in Sari (east of the province) to 0.474% in Nowshahr (west of the province). The number of essential oil components showed a reverse trend in which the oil of Nowshahr consisted of the least components (26 components) and the oil of the Sari composed of the most (34 components). The most characteristic constituents of the oils were menthofuran, trans-caryophyllene, Eucalyptol, Germacrene- D and viridiflorol. The results of the soil experiments showed that decreasing of the soil pH and EC, increasing in N, P and soil organic and nutrient elements and more precipitation in the west of the province resulted in more oil yield but increasing of the soil pH and EC in the east leads to more components of the oil.

protein aggregates generated by different reason, cause many diseases in humans and other organisms. Finding proper ways to stabilize or prevent of protein aggregation could be important. H. sabdariffa is a good source of natural antioxidants which may protect the body from damage effeccted by free radicals. This study examined the effect of aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa on the aggregation of reduced α-lactalbumin. The chaperone properties of H. sabdariffa extract on protein aggregation were determined by measuring light scattering absorption, thioflavin T binding assay, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Visible absorption spectroscopy and ThT fluorescence results shows that H. sabdariffa extract prevent protein aggregation and amyloid formation in a concentration-dependent manner. According to the results of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, H. sabdariffa extract interact with hydrophobic area of protein and inhibit aggregation. CD spectroscopy results shows that DTT caused changes in secondary structure of protein and in the presence of extract, fewer changes observed. Our finding suggests the possibility of using H. sabdariffa extract as a potential agent for inhibition of protein aggregation in various disease

Suitable growth characteristics and resistance to pests and diseases characterized by good poplar Suitable growth characteristics and resistance to pests and diseases characterized by good poplar seedlings in nursery of seedling production play an important role in the selection of clone or species to develop and promulgate them. For this purpose, characteristics of height growth, diameter, survival rate, percentage uniformity and percentage of infection to pests and disease of 34 native and non- native poplar clones were evaluated in Ardabil nursery. The results showed that, minimum survival in native and non-native clone's P. euramericana, P.nigra, P.deltoiedes and P.alba is 83, 75, 65 and 13% respectively. It is while; in P.alba clones did not exceed survival 26%. Among the 17 clones of P.nigra, Maximum height growth (180cm) belongs to P.n.56.75. Among the clones of P.alba the highest average height growth belong to P.a.16.70 clone. Among the clones of P.deltoiedes maximum diameter and height growth belong to P.d.69.55 and among the clones of P. euramericana belong to P.e.triplo. In case of pest and disease, P.alba clones had the most resistant. Totally, non- native clones were superior that along with some native clones of P.nigra can present to produce seedling and planting in the same climate of the province.

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of silicic acid on geranium responses to CaCl2 salinity stress. The experiment was done hydroponically in pots filled with sand. Experiment was laid out factorially based on a completely randomized design with five replications. Factors consisted of daily application of 0, 15 and 30 mM CaCl2 and weekly application of 0, 0.5 and 1 mM silicic acid in nutrient solution. The results showed that increasing salinity levels decreased growth characteristics including plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plants, leaf area, leaf, stem and total dry weight. Silicic acid especially with 1 mM concentration alleviated the stress effects and improved growth parameters, dry weight and stress tolerance index. Oil percent decreased in plants grown in 30 mM CaCl2 compared with controls while it was not affected by silicic acid. However, oil yield decreased, as CaCl2 concentration in nutrient solution increased. In all CaCl2 concentrations, application of 1 mM silicic acid increased oil yield. Overall, the results showed that high concentration of CaCl2 induced stress in geranium, and weekly application of 1 mM silicic alleviated the stress effects and increased stress tolerance index.

This research was carried out to investigate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Populus deltoides in the Irrigation treatment includes drip and furrow irrigation systems. For this purpose, pure stand the planting of Populus deltoides an area of 4 ha was investigated. 160 trees in each group were selected using systematic random sampling. In the quantitative analysis, factors of diameter at breast height (d.b.h), height, basal area and volume per ha were evaluated. For qualitative analysis the two branches, Stem quality, Crown form and heighest index were evaluated.
T-test results showed that all quantitative characteristic on two groups is statistically significant. Results showed that there were significant differences between quantitative characteristic on drip and furrow irrigation systems (ρ

The most important habitats of Myrtus communis L. in order to study habitat needs located in Tanoreh Abdanan, Zarab Zarinabad and Mort village from Chavar district in year 2013. Then variables such as crown diameter, shrub height, vitality and number of regenerations were measured by 100% inventory method in three regions. Also, three soil samples were taken from each site and pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Bulk Density (BD) and soil texture parameters were measured in the lab. By Using the SPSS software v.16, mean comparisons of edaphic and vegetative parameters in three sites were performed. In this study, correlation analysis between different parameters was investigated and the regression model of correlated parameters was built in separate for each site. Results showed that there is a significant difference between all parameters in three sites. Also, results revealed that there is statistically a positive relation between crown diameter and shrub height. Furthermore, in Chavar site, tree regeneration has a positive relation with soil OM and K. according to obtained results, in Abdanan site, there is a negative correlation between stems height and soil pH.