نشریه مطالعات اخلاق کاربردی
سال هفتم شماره 26 (تابستان 1396)

Man is a social creature. Therefore, many goals of Islamic community would be pursued on the basis of congruous interactions and communications of people within the society. Extremism has always been a significant challenge to the establishment of social relations.
Based on the Prophet's practical tradition in regards to his interactions with women, this article aims at achieving a model for it. The main method of research in this article follows a historical analysis derived from historical books. There are some historical evidences in
prophet’s behavior that express his tireless effort to reform the public opinion about women, restoring their real position in the society. It is important to draw the attentions toward the human nature of women. Prophet Muhammad would persistently observe the dignity, autonomy, justice and recognition in his interactions with women. Since women are emotional, he was lenient and at the same time modest to them. Representing Perfect Man, Prophet Muhammad have been taking care of both humanistic and emotional aspects of women. Finally, he promoted the level of women in social communications.

Ayatullah Mesbah Yazdi considers the truth of moral sentences as the mere indicative facts which show the causal relations between the action and the consequence. From his point of view, the utility and motivation of ethics do not exist in the true meaning of moral statements and only attached to morality through indicative implicity. The root of this attached motive is also the desire of each individual to his ego and perfection. This evolution of ethics from the motivational dimension and considering it as the relation of action and the consequence is one of the critiques of this theory. Some of the
advocates of Professor Misbah's theory in defense of his theory, have attempted to integrate motivational dimension into the nature of ethics and stated that morality, while rooted in the relation between the action and the effect, indicates relation between the doer and the act, and accordingly,added motivational aspect to morality. but this defense due to the fact that its boundaries are should and should not be ethical commands and offers no good and bad morals, can not be a complete defense, and secondly because this defense accepts for ethics motivational and valued dimension which is independent of desire of the self , can not be considered as a defense, and as a result, it is basically different from theory of professor Mesbah.

The main aim of this article is the relation between personality traits and mental health with forgiveness. According to the nature of the subject and its aims, the research is implemented with the survey method of correlation. The statistical population includes the students of Mohaghegh Ardebili University. The data sample encompasses 161 students of the university which have been selected by means of Convenient Sampling. To gather data, we have utilized “Goldberg's General Health” Questionnaire (1972), NEO and “Forgiveness in the Family” questionnaire. To analyze data, after recording them by SPSS 19, we used Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Linear Regression at the same time. The findings show that there is a meaningful and effective relation between Personality traits, e.g. Extroversion, Agreement, Openness and conscientious, and
Forgiveness. On the contrary, other characters, e.g. psychoneurosis, don’t have any correlation with Forgiveness. There is a deep concord between Mental Health and Forgiveness as the research expresses. Regression analysis showed that Mental Health and personality traits predict student's forgiveness.

The Stoic thought has been very influential on Western philosophy. The influence has been very decisive on the modern era, i.e. 16th to 18th centuries. In the following essay I analyzed and compared the ethical system of the Stoics and that of Spinoza seeking to explain the relationship between them. The pattern of Stoic-Spinozan ethical thought is importantly different from the pattern of Aristotelian ethical thought (which had a great impact on the Ethics of the Islamic era). There is a close bond between Aristotelians ethics and theoretical principles but such principles are not ultimately the foundations of
morality. But ethics from the Stoics viewpoint is vehemently grounded on logic and physics. Ethics, in their view, was the most important part of philosophy, and other philosophical discussions are bases or mere preliminaries of Ethics. In the same vein, Spinoza, as it is obvious from the title and structure of his book, Ethics,.has discussed Metaphysics as the basis of Ethics. Delving into Stoic- Spinozan Ethics brings us to the conclusion that moral virtue and perfection necessitates deep knowledge of Man and Universe. Virtuous man is wise and therefore has stronger mental capabilities comparing to other individuals. On one hand, Virtuous man is positively active and some submissive feelings such as sorrow, fear, depression, disillusionment, on the other hand, are signs of weakness and inability. Virtuous man is not beset by these feelings. Therefore virtue is power. This inner power affects outer power.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the moral intelligence in people with circadian type of morning, mid-day and evening. This study following a quantitative methodological approach in the form of a causalcomparative design investigated three groups of individuals with morning¡ mid-day and evening patterns. The study sample in the first phase included 230 male and female students, 18 to 32-year-old, who were studying in undergraduate or graduate courses. Using available sampling method and
screening test morning and evening types who 178 people were selected, according to their scores on the morning-evening questionnaire and were placed in the three groups of morning type (66), mid-day type (70) and evening type (42). Two questionnaires of morning- evening and moral intelligence questionnaire were used to gather data. Statistical analysis using multivariate analysis of variance showed that between the three groups in terms of forgiveness and moral intelligence (total score) there is a significant difference. The results showed that morning people are in a higher level in terms of forgiveness and moral intelligence than individuals with mid-day and evening people. According to the results, difference in forgiveness and moral intelligence between the three groups, is proved. since moral intelligence is another dimension of intelligence that can provide a framework for the proper functioning of humans and to be considered as a
factor to predict the behavior. Given that morality is as a strategy capital for human set and forms efficient social life prerequisite. given that University is one of the most important collections humans in any community, transfer and promotion of ethical and cultural values, blossoming of social and personal abilities and contribute to personal growth, emotional, behavioral and intellectual students is also important. so be sure to done more research in this area and more variables that are associated with these components are examined from different angles.

AIM: The aim is to indicate the relationship between moral intelligence with confidence building of managers.
The method in terms of purposes is applied one and the method of data collection is descriptive – correlation. The population includes the Qom Islamic Azad University administrators and the sample of 84 people who were selected randomly based on Morgan & Krejce table. Instruments for gathering data, include two standard questionnaires of moral intelligence links& Kill with the four components, integrity,
responsibility, forgiveness and compassion and reliability 86/0,& dimensions restore confidence Ismaili and colleagues with, confidence in the firm, based Honesty, inclusive, sustainable, and Interaction with reliability 82/0 by Cronbach's alpha To analyze the data, used descriptive and inferential statistics for the PEIRSON correlation and T test for two significant extent variable.
The results showed: 1. there is a significant positive relationship between Moral Intelligence and administrators restore confidence at the level of 0.99.
2. there is positive and significant relationship between moral intelligence and unwavering confidence, trust-based Honesty, Comprehensive Reliance, Sustainable Reliance and moral intelligence of trust in the level of confidence 99/0.
Having university administrators of moral intelligence pave the way for building trust and assured improves competitive advantage and satisfaction improvement and consequently "more the survival and improved performance.

The study aims at predicting mental health of pre-service teachers in Farhangian University based on spiritual intelligence and the practice of religious beliefs. The research method is correlation. For this purpose, 326 Pre-service teachers (147 female and 177 male) were selected by convenience sampling method. The participants responded
to spiritual intelligence questionnaires, the practice of religious beliefs and mental health. Data was analyzed using "Multiple Regression". The findings indicate that there is a significant positive correlation between mental health and spiritual intelligence (r=0.43, p

One of the main purposes of each profession is to serve the society and accounting is no exception to it. The emergence of moral standards like “Professional Conduct Creed” ensures the achievement of such goals. Hence, the present research examines Graham et al’s factor analysis about moral foundations theory with regard to auditors. Moral foundations theory of Haidt and Graham is one of the recent theories about moral judgment in the domain of social understanding. Accordingly, care, fairness, loyalty, obedience to the authority and sanctity have been introduced as the five most fundamental moral concerns. Graham and his colleagues in 2011 formulated a questionnaire which includes six questions for each of these concerns (overall 30 questions). Again, this research is a descriptive survey from 120 auditors that attempts to find out whether the questions included in the questionnaire are able to truly explain the five main concerns or not by virtue of factor analysis. To do this, we used exploratory factor analysis, structural equation modeling and verification and LISREL software version 5.8. We concluded that the questions suggested by Graham and his colleagues’ questionnaire in 2011 can explain Haidt’s moral foundations perfectly.

Morality is one of the main factors that preserves the nature and due respect of auditing. Today, the expectations of the community from accounting and auditing has been overwhelmingly heightened. The increase of such expectations, requires the formal accountants to serve people within moral frame of auditing. This research, therefore,
determines and prioritizes fifteen moral values in auditing from Islamic viewpoint by means of reviewing the existing literature and interviewing seven professional auditors through TOPSIS method. The results derived from professional auditors expresses that autonomy is the most important value in auditing. Reviewing the existing literature tells us that ignoring autonomy would disqualify other values as well. After autonomy, neutrality, honesty, objectivism and truth-seeking are crucially important too. Yet showing respect for individuals, philanthropy and trust in auditing are not posited in the list. Ultimately, the research resulted in success of the profession by virtue of following Islamic morals in auditing.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of professional ethics on the organizational culture of accounting instructors. Ethics is an important issue that is essential for all professions and businesses. Organizational culture is also recognized as one of the important factors for the development or failure of organizations. Since there is a
positive professional ethics due to the organizational culture of the members of the organization, this study examined the impact of professional ethics on organizational culture. The study is a appliedtype survey. A questionnaire was used to survey 99 academic accountants by random examples, virtually and in person. To analyze the results in the form of one main hypothesis and six sub-hypotheses, linear regression test was used by SPSS software version 22. Findings of the research show that professional ethics have an impact on organizational culture. Also, the causes of pragmatism, peoplehood
and team building are influenced by professional ethics, but the factors of innovation, risk taking and stability of professional ethics are not affected. As a result, it is necessary to pay attention to ethical professionalism in order to increase the level of culture and organizational efficiency.