نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

The current research was done to investigate the effectiveness of group training of anger control with rational, behavioral and emotional approach on reducing the aggression of male prisoners of central jail, Shahrekord, Iran.
This research is a pilot study with control group. Statistical population was all the male prisoners of central jail, Shahrekord, in 2010. 40 prisoners who obtained a score above average in aggression test were selected by simple multi stage random method and they were randomly divided into two experimental (20 prisoners) and control (20 prisoners) groups. Aggression General Questionnaire (AGQ) was used as the screening tool. Then, 12 sessions (lasting one hour and a half) of cognitive group therapy was run by Michael Feri's protocol on experimental group. A month later after therapeutic intervention, AGQ Test was taken from both groups.
The results of repeated measure analysis showed that there's a significant difference between aggression score of the two groups in post-test and follow up stage.
Discussion and Group training of anger control by rational, behavior and emotional method is effective in reducing the aggression of male prisoners of central jail, Shahrekord, Iran.

Attention Deficit Disorder of adulthood is a common and weakening disorder which is often remain unknown and untreated because most people do not know it, moreover it include different phenotypes by passing of the time. The purpose of the study is to compare executive functions, life style and mental satisfaction of couples suffering from Attention Deficit Disorder with healthy couple.
It is a causal-comparative research in which50 couples have been divided into two groups (each group included 25 couples) by available sampling. 25 couples have been selected among the parents of the children suffering from attention deficit disorder who referred to Aren Center and Noor Hedayat schools, and the second group (25 couples) has been selected among healthy couples of Mashhad, Iran. Then they were matched to the first group in term of age, education and socio-economic class. Data were collected by Barkley Adult AD/TD Rating Scale (BDEFS-LF), Kaviani Islamic Lifestyle and Enrich Couple Scale. Data were analyzed by Descriptive Statistical Index and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).
Results showed that executive functions, life style and mental satisfaction of couples suffering from Attention Deficit Disorder are less favorable in comparison with healthy couples. It means that couples with ADD experience defect executive functions, unfavorable life style and lower marital satisfaction.
Discussion and The research shows that awareness and intervention therapy is necessary for couples during marriage consultation, pregnancy and parenting because ADD disturb a wide range of individual's life.

Nowadays, Facebook as a social networking site is one of the most popular hobbies of cyberspace among adolescents and young people. Tendency or reluctance to Facebook is determined by personality traits of the user.
To investigate the effect of big five personality factors on the membership of adolescents on Facebook, 350 students (175 male students and 175 female students) were selected from all high school students of Khorramabad city by multi stage cluster sampling. The participants completed personal information form and NEO Personality Inventory. Data were analyzed by Lizrel software and statistical method of structural equation models.
The results showed that there's a relationship between membership on Facebook and personality traits of neuroticism, agreement and openness to experience but there's no significant relationship between membership on Facebook and personality traits of extroversion and conscientiousness.
Discussion and The results showed that there's a relationship between membership on Facebook and personality traits of neuroticism, agreement and openness to experience but there's no significant relationship between membership on Facebook and personality traits of extroversion and conscientiousness.

Studies show that marital satisfaction is one of the important factors of progress and achieving to life goals which depends on different factors. This effect might be directly or indirectly in interaction with other psychological factors such as relational beliefs and conflict resolution style; therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between relational beliefs and conflict resolution style with marital satisfaction.
It is descriptive study of correlation type in which statistical sample includes 230 married female users of khorramabad city. They were selected by simple random sampling among all female users of the city. Participants completed the Relational Belief Inventory (RBI), marital satisfaction Scale (ENRICH) and conflict resolution style (ROCI-II).
The results of Pearson Correlation Test and Multiple Regression Analysis showed that marital satisfaction has a significant negative relation with relational beliefs (except gender differences). Believe in destructiveness of disagreement, un-changeability of spouse, sexual perfectionism and mind reading expectation could best predict the marital satisfaction, respectively. In addition, compromise and integrated styles of conflict resolution and dominant, required and avoiding styles had a significant positive and negative relation with marital satisfaction, respectively.
Discussion and Couple therapists and counselors can increase marital satisfaction of the couple by training correct relational beliefs and suitable conflict resolution styles.

Depression is the most common psychological reaction in patient suffering from cancer which has a negative effect on functional status, hospitalization and even on the treatment of the patient. The research was done to investigate the degree of efficacy of cognitive-based mindfulness training on depression reduction of patient suffering from cancer.
This was a quasi-experimental research with pretest posttest pattern. For this purpose, 30 male and female patient suffering from cancer who were hospitalized in the hospital were selected as the research sample and divided into experimental (15 individuals) and control group (15 individuals). The experimental group received 8 cognitive-based mindfulness training sessions. Both groups were evaluated through pretest posttest by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data were analyzed by Covariance.
Results showed that posttest scores of depression in experimental group are significantly lower than those of the control group. Moreover, the interaction between pretest scores of experimental and control group was not significant. Thus, the null hypothesis of lack of difference between the two groups is rejected.
Discussion and It seems that cognitive-based mindfulness training is able to reduce the depression of patients suffering from cancer.

Many of psychological disorders result from difficulties in emotion regulation and people act differently in regulating their emotions. The purpose of current study is to investigate the relationship of difficulties in emotion regulation with big five personality factors including neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness.
272 students of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University were selected by available sampling and they completed the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS) and NEO five factor inventories (NEO-FFI).This is a descriptive correlation study. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression.
The results showed that there's a significant positive correlation between emotion regulation difficulties and neuroticism and it has a negative correlation with extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness and also there's no significant correlation between emotion regulation difficulties and openness to experience. According to the results of stepwise multivariate regression analysis only neuroticism can significantly predict 31.4 percent of the changes of emotion regulation difficulties.
Discussion and According to the results, neuroticism dimension which is the opposite dimension of emotional stability has an important role in predicting the way of regulating individuals 'emotion and difficulties resulted from emotional dysregulation.

The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of emotion-focused couple therapy (EFCT) on couple's attachment styles.
This is a quasi-experimental research based on pretest posttest with the control group. Statistical sample included 50 individuals (25 couples) who were selected by available sampling. They divided into two experimental (12 couples) and control group (12 couples) by simple random method. Measurement tools were Collins and Reid's Attachment Style Questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Experimental group received 9 EFCT sessions. Data were analyzed by multivariable analysis of covariance.
The comparison of posttest and pretest control represents a significant increase in the scores of secure attachment style and a significant decrease in ambivalent, avoiding and insecure attachment styles of the experimental group.
Discussion and The results show the usefulness of EFCT period in improving the couple's attachment styles.

In recent decades, many studies have investigated the role of schemas and emotion regulation in marital dissatisfaction and divorce but they have ignored psychological factors of emotional divorce. The purpose of the current study is to predict couple's emotional divorce based on early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation and its components.
The research population was all the couples of Mehr and Lamard cities. 165 individual were selected by available sampling after completing questionnaires of Gottman's emotional divorce, marital instability index, divorce probability and Enrich marital satisfaction. Young Schemas Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) was used for the measurement of early maladaptive schemas and emotion regulation questionnaire by Gross and John was used for the measurement of emotion regulation. The results were analyzed by Pearson Correlation Method and Stepwise Regression Analysis.
The results indicate that early maladaptive schemas of emotional deprivation, shame/defect, enmeshment, subjugation, self-sacrifice, emotional inhibition and emotional suppression components in emotion regulation are related to emotional divorce. "Self-sacrifice" schema and "emotional suppression" were the best predictors of couple's emotional divorce in stepwise regression analysis, respectively.
Discussion and We can predict couple's emotional divorce by early maladaptive schemas and emotion regulation and also develop an approach based on these patterns to prevent cold marital relationship and treat them based on schema therapy approach and emotion regulation management. We can use the finding of the research in clinical and counseling environment to help the couples in trouble and those who are on the brink of divorce.

Self-direction is a process by which people direct and motivate themselves to behave and perform in a desirable way. Self-direction has been used successfully in many fields so far. It seems that personality traits of individuals have a relationship with self-direction skill. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between Big Five Personality Factors (extroversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism) and self-direction among students of Isfahan University.
207 students were selected by stratified random sampling. The research tools were Houghton and Neck's self-leadership questionnaire and John et al, Big Five Personality Model Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.
Results showed that there's no significant relationship between self-direction and extroversion, but there's a significant relationship between self-direction and agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis showed that predictor variables (personality traits) could predict the changes of the criterion variable (self-direction) significantly.
Discussion and The results of the study could have an important role in literature of self-direction and personality. The obtaining results can be used in planning for self-direction skill training.

The research has been done to determine the effect of using Internet on mental health and life quality of both male and female high school students of Tehran, Iran.
This was a correlation and causal-comparative research which its statistical population included all male and female middle school students of zone 8 and zone 15 of Tehran, Iran. 736 individual were selected from the statistical population by multistage cluster sampling. Research tools were Young Internet Addiction Test and short form of Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale (DASS-21) for children.
Results showed that as use of Internet increases, the degree of anxiety, depression and stress of the students will increase; thus, their life quality will decrease. First grade female students use Internet more than their male counterpart, while pre-university male students use Internet more than their female counterpart.
Discussion and It can be concluded from the results that we should pay more attention to student's use of Internet because uninhibited use of Internet might increase some psychological disorders.

The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of group interpersonal therapy and group cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce the depression symptoms of the patient with social anxiety disorder.
It is an experimental research with pretest and posttest. The participants were female students who suffered from social anxiety disorder. 40 students were selected and then randomly divided into two CBT and ICP groups. The research tools were Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Data were analyzed by Multivariate Covariate Analysis.
Data analysis indicated that there's a significant relationship between group interpersonal therapy and group cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing the depression of social phobic patients. In a way that the efficacy of group interpersonal therapy on depression reduction (f= 16.2, p= 0.001) and social phobia symptoms (f= 12.4, p= 0.002) is more than group cognitive behavioral therapy.
Discussion and Findings indicate that group interpersonal therapy is more effective in reducing depression symptoms and social phobia than group cognitive behavioral therapy; thus, group interpersonal therapy is considered as the preferred psychotherapeutic treatment for social anxiety disorder especially in the presence of co-morbid condition.

In recent years, dialectical behavior therapy has been used as a therapy for treatment-resistant anxiety disorder. The current research has been done to investigate the efficacy of group training of dialectical behavior therapy concepts on improvement of emotional recognition strategies and decrease of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
30 women with OCD were selected by clinical interview and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The subjects of both groups completed Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale before starting the first treatment session and also after the last treatment session. Experimental group received 12 sessions (90 minutes) of dialectical behavior therapy. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance.
Results showed that there's a significant reduction in OCD symptoms (except sexual obsession and check compulsion) of experimental group in comparison with the control group. Moreover, Positive strategies of emotion regulation increase significantly in experimental group than control group.
Discussion and Dialectical behavior therapy could help the patients with OCD, by training emotion regulation strategies, tolerance acceptance of negative emotion, to learn how to work effectively on their obsession.

Meta-cognitive is a multidimensional concept. The concept includes knowledge, processes, and strategies which monitor, evaluate and control the cognition. The current study has been done to investigate the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and anxiety and OCD symptoms in nonclinical population.
327 students (182 female students and 145 male students) of Lorestan School of Medicine were selected by multistage cluster random sampling. They were asked to reply the demographic information and also complete the Wells and Cartwright Metacognitive Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety and Maudsely OCD Symptoms Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation Coefficients and Multivariate Regression Analysis.
There was a significant positive correlation between metacognitive beliefs scores and anxiety and OCD symptoms. In other words, as the metacognitive scale score of the individual increases, OCD and anxiety symptoms will increase, too. There was also a significant relationship between total scores of both scales and scores on uncontrollability and risk, positive beliefs about anxiety, cognitive confidence and need to thought control and self-consciousness (pDiscussion and Dialectical behavior therapy could help the patients with OCD, by training emotional regulation strategies, tolerance and acceptance of negative emotion, to learn how to work effectively on the obsession. Metacognitive beliefs are effective factors in mental health. It is possible to improve student's mental health by changing metacognitive beliefs which enhance maladaptive and negative thinking styles or general negative beliefs.

The research has been done to determine the Rorschach Test Reliability in a sample of Iranian 10-year-old children based on the Exner Comprehensive System.
This is a correlation research. The statistical population included all male and female students of fourth grade of elementary schools, Tehran, Iran. Schools were selected by stage cluster sampling, and subjects were selected by simple random sampling. In general, 40 students were selected as the sample and Rorschach test was performed on them. Two weeks after the performances of the Rorschach test, subjects tested again. The relationship between the first and second performance of Rorschach test was investigated by Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
Test- retest coefficients of the total test were significant between 0.33 and 0.99. In general, reliability coefficients of 18 variables were between 0.70 and 0.90. The coefficients of two variables were significant higher than 0.90 and the coefficient of other variables were significant between 0.30 and 0.70.
Discussion and Results showed that Rorschach test has a good reliability in children with a two-week interval. However, research with a longer interval can increase the reliability of the data.

The purpose of the study was to investigate psychometric characteristics of Zimbardo's time perspective inventory (short form) in adult population of Tehran.
The sample population of the study was 400 adult men and women of Tehran which was selected by multiphase clustering method. 36-question form of time perspective inventory and NEO personality traits (short form) were used.
Results showed that reliability coefficient of questionnaire by Cronbach alpha represent the suitable reliability of total scale and each of the factors. The results also showed that there's a significant relationship between time perspective inventory factors and NEO personality traits. In addition, the results of explanatory factor analysis indicate five factors of negative past, present hedonistic, provident, positive past, and present fatalistic which generally determine 37 % of total variance. Of course there are some changes in some of the items of time perspective inventory in comparison with the original inventory. Moreover, the results of confirmatory factor analysis show an acceptable fitness in determining factors with new items.
Discussion and The obtaining results indicate that short form of time perspective inventory with its changed items is a valid and reliable tool for Iranian adult population.

The basic assumptions of psychology are based on their anthropologic perspectives in different schools. The purpose of the current study is to explain how psychological phenomena determine health and disorder based on the outlines and personality constructs in spiritual multidimensional therapy.
Research data were obtained from the analysis of religious texts which are related to the Quran and traditions (Hadith) derived from valid resources, controversial and interview with religious and psychological experts and also from psycho-theoretical texts. Findings show that theoretical constructs of psychological schools which are the basis of treatment principle, despite the weak empirical background, often ignore its spiritual dimensions; but most of them consider cognitive mechanism or constructs as the base of explanation of psychological phenomena. Cognitive spiritual constructs especially God-oriented wisdom is also a suitable resource for explaining psychological phenomena. The Quran considers the human as a creature with primary equilibrium. A strong and complicated evaluation system (cognitive, emotional, spiritual, and perceptual) supports and guides him/her for passing a healthy life or managing psycho-spiritual disorder. The main core of human psychological system is wisdom (a diagnostic construct) which its diagnosis by another construct called heart (a confirmatory construct) is balanced and confirmed with other natural and perceptual constructs )chest, which is affected by anti-wisdom forces (ignorance)). Healthy development of personality depends on the organization and unity of these three constructs. Health mechanism; keeping balance and purity, self- care and self-regulation depend on spiritual evaluation system or activation of spiritual dimension (refinement). Unity of psychological system based on the concept of is the main dynamic symptom of mental health and its purpose is to improve innate talents. Pathology mechanism includes experience and maintenance actions which are incompatible with psychological system, with symptoms of aggression, sadness, fear and guilt, which remain in the form of cover, decorate and adorn (such as psychological defense) and its fundamental sign is desperation in reaching the real goals of life. These explanations often include today's psychological explanations, too.
Regarding spiritual dimension, we can explain health and psycho-spiritual disorder and also psychotherapy principles based on fundamental constructs of anthropology in the Quran. Thus, we can consider alternative constructs for psychological interventions. It has been used in spiritual multi-dimension therapy in the experimental field.