مجله پژوهشهای گیاهی (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال سی‌ام شماره 3 (پاییز 1396)

One of the most valuable water reservoirs in the north of Iran is Manjil Dam Lake which can have many other uses apart from agricultural water supply and power generation. For this reason, in order to qualitatively evaluate the water during one year and monthly, physical-chemical and comprehensive factors of phytoplankton have been studied as trophy indices in 5 stations in the lake. Results showed that average annual water temperature, light penetration depth, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphate, and dissolved oxygen were 15.33±6.21°C, 1.8±.35 m, 0.017±0.001 mg/l, 1.816±0.629 mg/l ,0.013±0.113 mg/l and 8.38±0.383 mg/l, respectively. Moreover, 22 different phytoplankton genera were identified that Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Pyrrophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Chrysophyta had frequencies of 42%, 44.3%, 6.3%, 2.1%, and 0.05%, respectively. Also, ecological indicators in terms of diversity and richness of phytoplanktons species in Manjil Dam Lake demonstrated that species composition changed with time and physical and chemical factors were determined to be the most important causes of these changes. However, certain genera were mainly predominant during the year and the change in Shannon-Wiener index showed a small amount. From the perspective of the trophy status based on the models used, it was determined that this reservoir dam was completely oligotrophic which was due to high levels of sediments entered from water resources of this dam, reducing the light penetration depth by a large degree.

Triacontanol (TRIA), as a plant growth regulators has significant biological effects on plant growth and development, Including increased resistance of plants to environmental stresses. The effect of concentration as (0, 5 and 10 μM TRIA) in physiological changes induced by treatment (300 μM) of arsenic in soybean plants were studied in a completely randomized design. After measuring the rate of growth (dry weight of roots and shoots, leaf area and plant height), the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline content, soluble sugar, protein and MDA in leaf was found that much of an impact TRIA these indicators have been in the absence of arsenic, and in the presence of arsenic, growth, photosynthetic pigments content, protein content and antioxidant activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase somewhat increased while the amount of substance in the leaves is reduced. So TRIA by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes to maintain the integrity of biological membranes of plants and reduce the content of reactive oxygen species. This promoting plant tolerance to arsenic acid.

Aluminum is one of the major elements of soil. The environmental toxicity of Aluminum causes different diseases, include of Alzheimer and lung & kidney diseases in human body. In this study the effect of different levels of Aluminum ( 0, 20, 40, 60 µmol) and different levels of Phosphorous ( 0, 40, 80, 320 µmol) with fix concentration of 40 µmol Aluminum in one cultivar of Brassica napus ( Talaye) were investigated. Results showed in plants that treated with Aluminum, lenght of root, shoot dry weight, shoot lenght, leaf area and concentration of K (70 mg/L), Fe (0.8 mg/L) and P (0.06 mg/L) significantly decreased. But the concentration of Zn and Al, significantly increased. On the other hand, in plants that treated with Phosphorous and Aluminum, shoot dry weight and concentration of Zn and Al was decreased. The shoot lenght, leaf area, lenght of root and concentration of K, Fe and P significantly increased. Based on the results, it is suggested to reduce the harmful effects of aluminum used in the rape of phosphorus treatment.

The pasture section of Lomir watershed with an area about 3374 hectares and altitude limits between 1800-2500m above level sea in the Talesh Mountains is located on the eastern slope facing the Caspian Sea. The annual mean precipitation is 1286.5 mm and the annual mean temperature is 8.5 ˚C. Based on collection of 650 plant specimens within 83 releve and around during 2013-2014, 364 species of vascular plants belonging to 194 genera and 55 families were identified. The largest families were Gramineae (with 44 species) and Compositae (with 39 species). Carex (with 16 species), Veronica (with 15 species) and Alchemilla (with 14 species) have the most species richness between genera. Hemicryptophytes (52.2%) are dominant life form of this area. Chronological analysis showed 28.4% Euro-Siberian elements. 10.2 % of total species are endemic and subendemic of Iran. Also in this study, the main habitats and their dominant and characteristic species are introduced.

In this research, the effects of type and concentration of plant growth regulators (2,4-D, NAA, Kin, BAP, IBA, TDZ) on callus induction from different explants, in vitro micropropagation of hazelnut via single node explants and also amount of taxol in callus were investigated. For this, seed, leaf and stem explants surface sterilized with different treatment and cultured on MS medium containing 2,4-D or NAA (1, 2 and 4 mg/l) in combination with Kinetin and BAP (0.5 and 1 mg/l). In addition, in order to in vitro micropropagation, single node explants were prepared and cultured on MS medium containing different levels of plant growth regulators. The results indicated that the percentage of callus induction from leaf explants was significantly (p≤ 0.01) higher than that of seed and stem. The highest percentage of callus induction and fresh weight of callus was observed on MS medium containing 2 mg/l 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/l BAP. The highest percentage of root induction in single node explants of hazelnut was observed on MS medium containing 2 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l Kin and the MS medium containing 2 or 4 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l Kin. The highest number of leaves was obtained on MS medium containing BAP and 0.05 mg/l IBA and MS medium containing 2.5 mg/l TDZ and 0.05 mg/l IBA. The highest content of taxol was observed in the calli derived from seed and leaf explants on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/l BAP.

To evaluate the effects of salinity, molybdenum and mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus versiform) on corn, a plot experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Shahrood in 2014.The experimental treatments were three levels of molybdenum 0 ,10 and 20 mg Mo/kg soil, three levels of salinity included: 0, 4 and 8 dS/m and two levels of inoculation and without inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus versiform). The results showed that, the highest activity of catalase was obtained at the 4 ds/m of salinity treatment and 20 mg Mo/kg. Therefore the highest activity of guaiacol peroxidase was in the 8 ds/m salinity treatment and at the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. The interaction between the three treatments of salinity, molybdenum and mycorrhizal fungi had significant effect on the amount of chlorophyll "b", sodium, potassium and molybdenum content in leaves. The highest content of molybdenum in leaves was obtained at the presence of the fungus, the highest level of molybdenum and the 0 salinity treatment. In this experiment, the results showed that, the highest amount of chlorophyll "b" was obtained at the 20 mg Mo/kg , 8 ds/m of salinity and at the the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. As well as the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and use of 20 mg Mo/kg caused of increasing potassium and decreasing of sodium absorption corn

This study aimed to predict the potential distribution of Pistacia atlantica on an area of 7319.63 ha in Dareshahr Region forests (west of Iran). The database composed of 200 samples based on the presence or absence of this species was used to determine the spatial distribution. In each plot, various physiographic factors were measured as well as the distance to the nearest residential areas. We then modeled the Pistacia A. distribution with a stepwise (odds ratios) logistic regression using 80% of the database whereas 20% was kept for validation. The results showed that the distribution of Pistacia was adequately modeled. There was a good correlation between dependent and independent variables based on the Roc curve with an amount of 0.7. In particular, the aspect of hillside was determined as the most important factor to explain the distribution of Pistacia A. In contrast, the height above sea level inversely correlated with the presence of Pistacia A. According to the final model, more than 45% of the study area is potentially favourable to the Pistacia A.’s presence. The results of modeling indicated that the logistic regression can be an adapted method to evaluate the impact of various factors on the spatial distribution of tree species.

Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae) is one of the most important medicinal plants that are wide-spread in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In this research, some ecological characteristics of this species were studied in random-systematic method in three habitats of Qom province. In each habitat, three transect were provided in the direction of the general slope and with 100 meters distance from each other, and 10 plots 4m2 at a distance of 20 meters from each other were placed on each transect. In each plot such traits as: coverage, diameter of stem and length of longest stem were measured and the number of bush and fruit were counted. Also, three soil samples were taken from the depth gathering of roots and some of their chemical and physical properties were measured. The obtained data were analyzed by One way ANOVA. Results showed that there is significant differences (p

After 4 to 5 years of cultivation of cut roses in greenhouses, flower quality and yield reduced gradually. Therefore, in order to use longer and increase the quality of flowers, the rose bushes need to rejuvenation and pruning. This research was conducted to compare two pruning time (fall= December and winter= March) in 2005- 2006 on four Rosa hybrida L. cultivars in one of the greenhouses with soilless culture in Mahalat provenance. The grafted 5 year bushes were pruned in December and March, 2005 so that, on each plant, three stems were left each with 5 nodes (buds). The plants pruned in December and March flowered in February, 2005 and May, 2006 respectively, when the data recording was carried out. The fresh weight, length, leaf number, leaflet number, diameter and internode length of flower stems; diameter, length, fresh and dry weights of flowers and also leaf chlorophyll content and quality index were measured. Results indicated that, all the cultivars were superior for most of the parameters studied when pruned in winter (March) compared to fall (December). Therefore, in cut roses after 5 years it is better that rejuvenation pruning be done in winter (March) although, since rose plants are highly heterozygous, further researches on other cultivar may be suggested.

By virtue of article 148th law of five-year-old fifth plan of Islamic republic of Iran and section VI of this resolution, the harvesting of commercial woods from the Hyrcanian forests must be stopped. Associated with that how non-harvesting of commercial woods should be compensated, optimal allometric equation were exhibited in this study to show the real amount of carbon pool in the mixed-beech forests. That is related to the most important ecological forest service with respect to the climate change scenario. Therefore, 174 individuals of trees from different species in the district 3 of the Glandroud forests were felled and 2-cm thick disk were sampled from each felled tree. The constant volume of wood was sampled from the opposite sides each disk. The samples were oven dried in lab for 24 hours (105°C) in order to determine specific wood density (WD) and carbon factor (C). The results indicated that WD of various species bole trees was significantly different; however, the variation of C had no significance. According to the modeling, power function including DBH estimated carbon sequestration with 84 percent of adjusted coefficient of determination. Also, the results showed that the exponential model based on log-transformed model including integrated variable (product of diameter at breast height in height) and WD considered the best allometric model (Adj. R = 0.94, SEE = 0.22, CF = 1.02, AIC = -516) to estimate carbon stock in the broad field scale of mentioned forest.

In recent years, one of the most important occurred events in Zagros is dieback of forest trees; which every day become more critical. To estimate the dieback severity of trees and determination of the relation between physiographic factors including: slope, direction and elevation from sea level with the dieback severity of forest trees, an area of 400 ha were selected and surveyed in the Ilam forests. Inventory was done by a systematic random sampling, and 80 rectangular sample plots with area of 0.1 ha (40 m × 25 m) were measured. Evaluated parameters into each sample plot were including: species name, diameter at breast height (DBH), severity of dieback, and topographic factors. The results showed that there is a significant relation between severity of dieback and slope (p = 0.008) and direction (p = 0.00001). Dieback of trees was increased with increasing of slope gradients. Severity of dieback was observed in west and south directions more than others. On the base of results, dieback percent of coppice trees was more than high trees. That's means; coppice trees relative to their abundance were damaged more than high trees. Also, there was a significant relation between DBH and severity of dieback (P=0.042) and dieback of trees was increased with increasing of DBH. The most number of withered trees were observed in diametric classes of equal & higher than 40 cm (DBH ≥ 40 cm). About 50% of the total trees were wizen or have had a signs of dieback.

In this study, total phenolic content, flavonoids, anthocyanin, tannins and ferulic acid of latex of Ferula assa-foetida L. were investigated in some pastures of Kerman province (Chatroud, Hossein Abad, Keshtuiyeh, Joopar and Sarduieh). The essential oil used in this study was extracted by hydro-distillation from the latex of the plant. The results of the essential oil analysis by Gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC-MS) indicated that a total of 51 components were identified in the essential oil. The major compounds in the total regions were included: (E)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide, n-propyl sec-butyl disulfide, (Z)- β-ocimene and β-pinene. Comparison of effective components concentrations of latexs showed that the highest total phenolic content and acid ferulic was observed in Chatroud. The highest tannin content in Keshtuiyeh and the highest anthocyanins content in Sarduieh were obtained. Correlation of these compounds and environmental factors showed that there was a negative correlation between the average altitude and the content of tannins but significant and positive correlation at the 5% level between the average altitude and total phenolics (and ferulic acid) was observed. Keshtuiyeh showed the best quality of essential oil by heighest rate of sulfide compounds.

Celandine (Chelidonium majus L.),a member of Papaveraceae family, is a valuable medicinal plant. Because many active substances have medicinal properties that make it great. In
order to study the effect of hormones 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D)
in five levels (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/l) and with hormone benzyladenine (BA) at four levels (0.25, 0.5, 1 and1.5 mg/l)
for callus, explant using stems, leaves and seeds were evaluated. To assess the
regeneration of combined hormonal BAP at three levels (1, 2 and 3 mg/l)
of 2,4-D hormone on two levels (0.1 and 0.5 mg/l) was used. This was a factorial experiment based on randomized complete design
with three replications. The results showed that the best environment for the
induction of callus induction on MS medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 0.5
mg/l BA %69.44 % rate of 2 mg/l 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/l BA %63.88 % respectively. The best medium for callus on MS medium containing 2 mg/l 2,4-D wetfresh weight. Best Celandine explants to form callus weight and stem explants. Most regeneration and leaf production in MS medium containing 2 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D was observed but did not shoot.

In the present work, allelopathic effects of xanthotoxin on Lactuca sativa, as a model plant were investigated. After determination of optimal concentration of Xanthotoxin using seed germination assay as 0.1 and 1 µg/mL, the lettuce seeds were potted in greenhouse condition and watered with the xanthotoxin concentrations. A control group of plants were watered with distillated water. After seedling growth up to 7 leave stage, some physiological and biochemical parametres of plants were evaluated. The evaluated aspects contain dry and fresh weights of the plants shoots and roots, Spad chlorophyll, chlorophyll fluorescence, the activity of enzymes like Ascorbate peroxidase,Catalase,Poly phenol oxidase and Protease,and also Electrophortic pattern of protein in acryl amid gel. The results showed that seed germination,dry and fresh weight, Spad chlorophyll,protein of the reated seedlings were significantly reduced than control group at p≤0.05. It was also found that the activity of ascorbat peroxidase,protease,poly phenyl oxidase and catalase enzymes increased in xanthotoxin treated plant than control one. .There were remarkable changes in arrangement of electrophoresis bands of leaf protein between trated and control group which was due to the response of Lactuca sativa.L to existence of xantothoxin. It was concluded that Xanthotoxin as an allelochemical can effects on plants in different physiological, molecular and biochemical aspects.

In order to investigate of heavy metal effect on antioxidant enzymes in pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Sadri) under different combination of planting beds, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial based on CRD design with three replications in Yasouj University, 2013. The first factor included of five levels of heavy metals (control, Cd(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2 and CuSO4 with 50 mg kg-1 soil concentration) and the second factor included of four levels of different combination of planting bed (control, compost, vermicompost and sawdust). Results showed that maximum enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were related to the application of Sawdust that compared to control respectively 21.36 and 11.94% increased; But with the addition of compost and vermicompost these two enzymes activity decreased. All levels of heavy metals increased the peroxidase activity: but soluble protein content decreased and the polyphenol oxidase activity reduced in levels of lead nitrate. Heavy metals reduced seed weight compared to control (without heavy metals) except Pb nitrate. Most of the seed weight at the level of Pb nitrate and cadmium nitrate were the lowest. In general, the use of compost and vermicompost as organic fertilizers rich in macro and micro elements could play a positive role in modulating the effects of heavy metals and to reduce the toxic effects of heavy metals leads to a reduction in the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

The aim of this study was the optimizing of the production of microalgae Chlorella using water enrichment of Caspian Sea through an ordinary TMRL medium. The study was conducted under temperature (25 2), 3500 lux, light period 12-12 and airing by central air pump for creating a turbulent medium. The growth was compared by an optical microscope and Neubauer slide for 10 days and once in 2 days. In total, five comparisons were done. There has been significance difference between the cell growths of microalgae Chlorella in treatments in different days. There was no statistical difference in 5 treatments in the second and fourth day. Cell growth was begun in 6th day and the exponential growth was continued to the last day. The maximum cell growth ( in per mL) was observed in treatment 3 (50% sea water, 50% medium) and the minimum growth ( in per mL) was in treatment 1 (100% sea water). Also, the highest and lowest growth rate were recorded in treatment 2, 3 (0.30) and treatment 1, 5 (0.26), respectively. In 10th day, the lowest frequencies were related to treatments 1, 5. So that the treatment 5 had a significant growth with increasing growth over the past days, but the treatment 1 was shown the reduction in frequency than the past days. The highest frequencies were related to treatment 2, 3.

Exhaust emissions with changes in metabolical and physiological plant systems causing negative changes in morphological, biochemical and physiological indicators. Previous studies have shown that many of the pollutants in exhaust gases in high concentrations, can causing damage in plants.
In this study, seedlings of corn (Zea mays var. indentata) SC704 variety, after grow, treated time 2, 5 and 10 minutes placed in same situations of temperature, humidity and light in a combustion chamber exposed to the exhaust smoke of gasoline and CNG separately, one group was considered as the control group. The exhaust smoke by interface system was pumping the flow of 5m3/s to a chamber that pots were located within. One month after treatment and random measures on sampling and analysis of the resulting data, the findings showed that stress applied exhaust emissions on all growth parameters, such as length, weight and leaf area and biochemical indices corn plant such as photosynthetic pigments has a negative effect, also exhaust emissions are reduced iron content but increase the absorption and accumulation of heavy metals such as zinc and manganese, the effect of different concentrations of emissions from combustion of conventional gasoline on all growth parameters and biochemical indices of corn more than emissions from the combustion of CNG.

In Management of natural resources and prioritization for conservation, a strong scientific foundation of biodiversity data is needed. Despite the importance of forest habitats of Irano-Turanian region, they have been less studied in term of biodiversity. This study focused on plant diversity in some parts of these habitats. Study area included five stands in southern Alborz mountain. Sampling was carried out by plots along the transect lines taking place at regular intervals within each habitat. Plot size was determined by the concept of minimal area. Biodiversity was investigated using Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, Margalef, Menhinick, Sheldon and Pielou indexes. One way ANOVA following by Dunkan multiple range tests were used to analyze the indexes in relation to associations and environmental variables. According to the results, diversity in forest associations was significantly more than steppe associations. Similarly, the difference was seen at the family level. The greatest amount of diversity belonged to Amygdalo lycioidis-Pistacietum atlanticae and Lonicero ibericae-Juniperetum excelsae and the least amount belonged to Feruletum ovinae. Diversity indexes in Artemisio aucheri-Astragaletum veri were significantly more than Artemisio aucheri-Onobrychidetum cornutae. Among the environmental variables, slope, aspect, soil organic matter and soil texture were significantly associated with the diversity indexes; with the increasing in the slope up to 80%, plant diversity and species richness increased, then significantly reduced. In terms of soil texture, the highest diversity and species richness observed in sandy clay and sandy loam soils. As well as, soils with organic matters more than 6%, were richer in terms of plant diversity.

Ber is One of the trees that live in hot areas with having medicinal properties, it is widely used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics in addition to eating use of its fruit. This study to compared and obtained the best regeneration protocol , that was conducted to enhance in vitro culture as four species ber, include two figure of Bengali ber with large oval fruit and seedless varieties( without within the wooden) and also two species of Iranian ber round and seedless and with small fruit.
Carried this study perfectly by chance selected in format of factorial design axillary bud explants after surface disinfection in medium of MS performed according to purpose of the experiment had %3 sucrose and 8 g/L agar, with growth regulators of BA, IAA and 2ip in variety treatments were cultivate for proliferation. After eight weeks number of proliferation branches was recorded. Results revealed the effect of growth regulators the most proliferation in medium containing was obtained 6mg/l BA and 2ip along with 3 mg/l IAA. In between Ber types, seedless variety with an average shoots number 2.93 showed the greatest proliferation. The comparison results of interaction average growth regulators BA, 2ip and IAA and type of species showed that in medium contains 6 mg/L BA attendant 0.03 mg/L IAA has been obtained maximum amount of the fine branches with 4 in seedless Bengali. The best treatment for rooting in medium containing 10 mg/l IBA well known for the Bengali seedless Ber in the rooting stage.

Introducing a scientific method for correct inventory of forest woody debris that is a important structural part on these ecosystems can help sustainable management forest planning. This study carried out with the aim of efficiency evaluation of transect and regression modeling in estimation and prediction of some coarse woody debris characteristics in Fandoghlou forest of Ardabil. To this, line intersect sampling was applied based on probability theory, Huber and Smallian formula to estimate volume, weight, number, and projected area. The results of compared measurement based on sampling and census using ANOVA and Duncan test proved that line intersect sampling based on probability theory is the most efficient sampling method regarding to the least required time for setting and measuring in transects (11.6 minutes). On the other hand, the results of regression modeling showed that slope and distance from recreational area independent variables can predict volume and weight with more than 0.85 determination coefficient and number and projected area with more than 0.96 determination coefficient.