نشریه روابط خاک و گیاه
پیاپی 32 (زمستان 1396)

In order to study the effect of different levels of salinity and nitrogen (N) on physiological and biochemical reactions of two wheat genotypes at anthesis stage, a factorial experiment was performed as completely randomized design with three replications, in Research Greenhouse of Agricultural, Medical and Industrial Research School of Karajýý in 2011.ý Treatments were two wheat cultivars of Tajan (sensitive to salt stress) and Bam (resistant to salt stress), five levels of salt stress ýý(1.3 (control), 6, 8, 10 and 12 dS/m) and two N-fertilizer levels (75 and 150 kg N/ha). Results indicated that in all salinity treatments, 150 kg N/ha increased the RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, soluble proteins content of leaves and SOD activity and decreased the MDA content and yield of both studied ýgenotypes. In conclusion, genotypic differences between the two cultivars, from viewpoint of tolerance to salinity stress and also fertilizer use between these two genotypes, led to more obvious effect of augmentation of fertilizer utilization on Bam cultivar than sensitive Tajan cultivar.

In order to improve the quantitative and qualitative traits of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum “Mariachi Blue”) a factorial experiment ws performed as completely randomized design at three levels of vermicompost (0, 5 and 10% v/v) and humic acid (0, 2 and 4 kg/m3) with three replications, under the greenhouse conditions. Evaluated traits were number of Leaves, buds and branches, peduncle length and diameter, vase life, internodes length, shoot height, main stem diameter and fresh and dry matter weights of stem and roots. Results showed that vermicompost significantly affected peduncle length and diameter, number of leaves, height and dry matter of shoot and humic acid affected flower diameter, shoot dry matter, and dry and fresh weights of roots. Also, the interaction effect of vermicompost and humic acid had a significant effect (p

This study was arranged to evaluate the effects of perlite-cocofibre substrate inoculation as the most prevalent media in gerbera soilless cultivation with two important arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF: Glomus intradices and Glomus mossea) on morphological, physiological and quality attributes of gerbera cut flower. Results showed the positive symbiosis between AMF and gerbera ('Stanza'), and consequently significant effects on morphological parameters such as leaf and flower number per plant, plant dry weight and physiological and biochemical parameters including stomatal conductance, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes activity, soluable sugar and proline content. Also, flower quality indices including flowering-stem height, flower diameter and flower vase life were significantly affected by symbiosis of AMF. Based on the comparison of the meanss, except proline content and soluble sugars, the effects of both AMF spicies were similar on the measured parameters. As compared to control plants (without inoculation), substrate inoculated with both Glomus mosseae and Glomus intradices showed 16.33% and 19.09% more flowers were harvested per plant (yield) and 4 days higher flower longevity, respectively. Based on the results, inoculation of growth media with AMF had positive symbiosis effects and consequently, led to remarkable increasing of growth, yield and quality. Aaccordingly, application of AMF in soilless culture and especially supplemental experiments to assess nutrient use efficiency to achieve balanced nutrient and optimum using of mineral fertilizers in soilless systems could be recommend.

A soilless cultivation experiment, in a medium containing sand, perlite and peat, based on Hoagland nutrient solution, was designed and carried out to investigate the growth and postharvest response of Zinnia to different concentrations of nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca). Treatments included control 1 (without nutrient solution), control 2 (nutrient solution without N and Ca), and the mixtures of 15 and 30 mM N and 5 and 10 mM Ca, arranged as a completely randomized design with six treatments, each treatment in three replicates and three pots in every replicate. The studied traits were plant height, stem diameter, flower diameter, root length, stem dry and fresh weight, flower dry and fresh weight, vase life and concentration of N and Ca in shoots. Results revealed that increasing N concentration in nutrient solution increased the height and fresh weight of the plants; but using 10 mM Ca and 30 mM N had the highest effect on plant height. Significant reduction of stem dry weight in 30 mM N and 5 mM Ca treatment in comparison with stem fresh weight of this treatment was observed. The lowest vase life (4.8 days) was observed in control 1 treatment. The highest vase life (17 days) was resulted by using 10 mM Ca in nutrient solution, and the highest Ca uptake was also in this treatment. Ca uptake in this treatment (85 mg/pot) was significantly more than other treatments. In conclusion, to have suitable yield and higher vase life, using 15 mM N (standard N concentration in Hoagland nutrient solution) and 10 mM Ca (twice the Ca concentration in Hoagland nutrient solution) was the best treatment.

Nowadays, knowing that chemical fertilizers have distinct pollution effects on environmental quality parameters, the organic fertilizers represent a suitable and safe alternative, at least for landscape applications. However, the response of many ornamental and landscape plants, including Sweet William, to different chemical and organic fertilizers are not well known. Thus, this factorial experiment was conducted as a pot experiment, based on completely randomized design with three replications, to investigate the yield and quality responses of Dianthus barbatus to different levels of organic manure (0, 20 and 40% V/V) and NPK fertilizer (0, 1, 2 and 4 g/kg soil) under greenhouse conditions. Results of the experiment showed that application of 20% animal manure and low rate of NPK, compared to no manure or 40% manure, improved plant growth and quality (number of leaves, plant height, number of lateral shoots and number of flowers per plant). High levels of organic manure (40% V/V), as well as high levels of NPK (2 and 4 g/kg soil), separately or combined together, resulted in reduction of plant growth, and significant increase in germination, stemming and flowering times. Despite low germination rate and less plant growth in 40% animal manure treatment, both levels of animal manure resulted in increasing the number of flowers per plant, flowering period and vase life of the cut flowers. Therefore, according to the results of this experiment, as well as the importance of environmental health issues, medium level of animal manure and zero or low levels of NPK is suggested for optimum quantitative and qualitative production of Dianthus barbatus.

Production of a healthy and vigorous seedling is necessary for normal and economical plant growth, in which nutrition plays an important role. In this research, in order to investigate the effects of aminochelate fertilizers on growth of tomato (cv. Green Super) seedlings, a pot experiment was performed in soil mdium, based on completely randomized design, under greenhouse conditions. Treatments were foliar application of NPK, aminochelates of Biomin, DelfonPlus, Humifolin, Biominứꉾ襢, synthetic macro-micro fertilizer (2o/oo), soil-applied NPK and control (without fertilizer) in 8 replications. Results showed that there was no significant difference among treatments for some plant traits such as plant height, number of leaves, length and width of leaf, length of main leaflet, and stem diameter, while the highest amount of these traits were found in Biominứꉾ襢 and soil applied NPK treatments. The highest foliage fresh weight (2.8-2.9 g) and dry weight (0.17-0.19 g) and SPAD value (27.51) were measured for Biominứꉾ襢 and soil-applied NPK treatments, which showed significant difference to control treatment. Foliar application of aminochelates significantly increased leaf soluble carbohydrates as compared to the control plants. The highest amount of this trait was recorded for Biominứꉾ襢 (7.02), Biomin (6.91) and soil-applied NPK (6.3 mg/g DW) treatments. In general, application of Biominứꉾ襢 aminochelate resulted in the best growth and quality of tomato seedlings.

In order to investigate the effect of different nutrient solutions on yield and potato minituber production under aeroponic and hydroponic culture, a split-plot experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was carried out in 2015. The main factor was culture medium (aeroponic and hydroponic) and the sub-factors consisted of nutrient solution (control, Etazu, Etazu humic acid, Etazu mycorrhiza fungi, compost tea, compost tea humic acid and compost tea mycorrhiza fungi). Results showed that number of tubers, tuber yield and dry weight of roots under aeroponic culture were significantly higher than the hydroponic culture. Average tuber weight and shoot dry weight in hydroponic culture were significantly greater than the aeroponic culture. Interaction effect of culture system and nutrient solution on number of tubers, average tuber weight and tuber yield per plant was significantly higher in aeroponic culture than hydroponic in compost tea mycorrhiza fungi. There was no significant difference in minituber yield under compost tea mycorrhiza fungi and compost tea humic acid treatments. Shoot dry weight was greater under compost tea mycorrhiza fungi treatment in the hydroponic system. Maximum root dry weight under aeroponic system was obtained in the compost tea and compost tea humic acid treatments. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that provision of nutrients for potato by mycorrhiza fungi and compost tea, under aeroponic culture, significantly increased number of tubers, tuber yield and shoot dry weight and the compost tea humic acid treatment had a more significant role in root growth and tuber production.

AbstractIn order to investigate the effect of pruning and cultivar on growth, yield and fruit quality of greenhouse cucumber, a factorial experiment, based on completely randomized blocks design with three replications, was conducted. Treatments were three types of pruning (removing side branches, one node was maintained on the branch, and two nodes were maintained on the branch) and two cultivars of greenhouse cucumber (Rz225 and Karim). Results showed that cultivar had significant effect on number of leaves per plant. Vegetative-growth characteristics of the cultivars were significantly different. Maximum and minimum fresh and dry weights of root, stem and leaf were observed in Karim and Rz225 cultivars, respectively. Pruning significantly affected the number of female flowers. Maximum and minimum number of female flowers were in two-nodes maintained on the branch treatment (37 flowers) and removing side branches treatment (29.3 flowers), respectively. The highest yield was related to the Rz225 cultivar (3301 g) and the lowest yield belonged to Karim cultivar (2815 g). But pruning did not significantly affect the plant yield. Number of aborted flowers was affected by pruning. Maximum and minimum number of aborted flowers were observed in two-nodes maintained on the branch treatment (24.6 flowers) and removing side branches treatment (6.6 flowers), respectively. Soluble solids content was affected by pruning. Maximum and minimum soluble solids content were observed in Rz225 cultivar and removing side branches treatment, and Karim cultivar and two-nodes maintained on the branch treatment, respectively, which were significantly different. In general, Rz225 cultivar and one-node maintained on the branch treatment is recommendable to enhance the yield of greenhouse cucumber.

Physalis is a tropical fruit, native to South America. Due to its pleasant taste and medicinal properties, it has recently found many fans in Iran, and has been considered as a valuable and expensive fruit. This research, arranged as completely randomized design with three replications, was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of Thidiazuron (0, 20 and 40 mg/L) on size and some qualitative characteristics of physalis fruits. The obtained results showed that fruit size and fresh weight were significantly increased (P≤0.01) at 20 and 40 mg/L trestments as compared to the control. The electrical conductivity, total soluble solids (TSS) and lycopene content of fruits decreased with increasing concentration of Thidiazuron (P≤0.01). Also, increasing Thidiazuron concentrations from 20 to 40 mg/L led to significantly increasing (P≤0.01) fruit maturity time (7 and 11 days, respectively). On the other hand, it was observed that storage life of the fruits was significantly increased (P≤0.01) by increasing the Thidiazuron concentration. The untreated fruits showed the least shelf life (11 days) at room temperature, while fruits treated with 20 and 40 mg/L Thidiazuron had higher shelf life (22 and 28 days, respectively). Although application of Thidiazouron reduced somehow some qualitative features of the fruits at harvest time, but increased considerably the quantitative traits (fruit size and weight) and fruit shelf life.

Dramatic changes in the market in the last two decades, especially the increasing diversification of customer expectations and intensifying market competition, have led to increasingly consider improving the performance of businesses and identifying its affecting factors. In this regard, scholars have always emphasized marketing capabilities. Given the importance of the issue, the objective of this research was to investigate the effect of marketing capabilities on financial and customer performance of greenhouse businesses. Research method of the study was descriptive- correlative. The population of this research was all of greenhouse keepers in Jiroft County that a sample with an appropriate number was selected using a stratified random-sampling method. Data was collected through structured questionnaires which have been used in the previous studies. Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) multivariate technique. Results showed that marketing capabilities had a positive and significant effect on financial performance and explained about 50% of its variance. In addition, the results indicated that indirect effect of marketing capabilities on financial performance through the variable of customer performance was significant and customer performance partially mediated relationship between marketing capabilities and financial performance.