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سال چهاردهم شماره 56 (بهمن 1396)

Problem Definition: Quality of natural landscapes is reduced by unconscious intervention which disrupts ecological process of natural beds. Therefore, to revive the values of natural beds, rectification of disturbed natural landscapes is an important issue. Furthermore, it should be noted that this rectification results in comprehensive restoring the natural landscapes. The landscape ecology is one of the earliest approaches used in conservation of natural capitals and values.
Goal: The main goal of the current research is to present a landscape restoration method based on the landscape ecology approach.
Research procedure: This research has three steps including expression of the research problem, analysis of theoretical bases of the landscape restoration along with the landscape ecology methods, and selection of the proper methods for intervention of landscape designers in natural landscapes using comments of the related experts. These steps are carried out using the descriptive-analytic and survey methods.
Based on findings obtained herein, a landscape restoration method comprising five steps is proposed. These steps include 1) survey and deep observation, 2) assessment in the landscape scale, 3) recognition and ecological perception, 4) design and act, and 5) management and control. The authors briefly name the proposed method as SARDM. The proposed method emphasize on presence of designer at the field. This presence leads to better perception of spatial relation between landscape elements. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the proposed procedure enables landscape assessment in both temporal and spatial dimensions. In addition, it matches the conducted assessment with results obtained in step 1.

Urban areas are significant elements in the structure of cities which can increase social interactions, identity and meaningfulness, formation of mental pictures and formation of the sense of collective memory. Urban areas show integrated structure of spatial organization of a city in which not only the connection of form and practice are to be considered, but also the meaning will find its place in whole complicated system of a city. Since forming the sense of collective memory has always been among the most basic qualitative principles and concepts in urban areas, finding a new approach to which can carefully explore the formative layers of urban areas is a priority. These layers are helpful in finding useful solutions for memorability of spaces and qualitative promotion of them.
Rollan Burt believes before any comment about the city, the technique of symbols should be utilized. With this new approach it seems it is possible to explore urban spaces and also to reach new solutions in the direction of the meaningfulness of a space and increasing the sense of collective memory. In this regard the objective of this research is to explore the concept of collective memory and its retrieval in urban areas with semiotic approach. Therefore the present research wants to discover the effective components on formation of the sense of collective memory on one hand and represent the conceptual template of semiotic on the other hand which is concealed in urban areas regarding the retrieval of memorability of urban spaces.Research is exploratory-explanatory and in the process of its decision making, an analytic comparison is used. Analysis of content and deductive reasoning is the main method to create the mental grounds of the research. Results express that the amount of memorability of Hasan-Abad square as an urban space based on the conceptual template presented in recent years and because of recent decisions of urban management has faded out. To retrieve the memorability, operational indexes of suggested semiotic templates in the frame of perceptual and social codes can revive the memorability of this square.

In landscape architecture, the concept of landscape has always been linked to two facets namely objectivity and subjectivity, and it has shown an inseparable bond between humanand the environment. The tight-knit and intertwined relationship of the qualitative and quantitative issues makes it difficult to understand and, consequently, to evaluate the landscape conceptt. During the history of landscape, and especially in recent years, many efforts have been made to assess the landscape and its various aspects. Most research has attempted to separate objective aspects from the subjective ones and numerically evaluate each one separately in a landscape assessment. Previous studies have evaluated the physique of environment , and human perceptions of the environment, some strands of studies have assessed the landscape assessed from the environmental aspect and investigated it ecologically , Some researchers have considered it objectively regardless of humans and their minds while , some have s viewed it as merely subjective issue .
ITo assess the concept of landscape, it is necessary to simultaneously evaluate the objective and subjective process and discover the relations between them. Therefore, this research is an attempt to collect and organize library documents, including different methods of landscape evaluation in various objective and subjective fields, and to analyze them deductively and, and to study the existing methods, and suggest a model for landscape assessment.

What is different about Iranian art is the use of hybrid motifs which is a characteristic of the Iranian art. The hybrid forms show the impact of the mythological beliefs. These beliefs also have changed a lot so it is hard to recognize the exact meaning of these motifs. Shahnama is the source of great myths in Iran and is the main source for tracing myths between the Islamic periods and the mythological beliefs before Islam. This research is based on studying the snake-man which is known as Zahak in Shahnama. The research focuses on three cylinder seals (the impressions found) which show the snake-man. These cylinder seals were found in Susa, Tepe Yahya and Tepe Shahdad. All three date back to the third millennium B.C. The snake-man which has two snake or dragons on the shoulders was well-known in Iran and Mesopotamia. The god of the dead is basically showed by this motif in Mesopotamia. Especially, Ningišzida is a Mesopotamian deity of the underworld. His name in Sumerian is translated as "the lord of the good tree". The city of Lagash had a temple dedicated to Ningišzida, and Gudea, patesi of Lagash in the 21st century BC, was one of his devotees. Moreover, what is so different about the Susa seal is the scene which shows a man flying to the sky. This reminds the myth of Etana in Mesopotamia. The results of this study show that a of myth was known in Iran during the 3rd millennium which may reflect some influences of Etana myth and the myths related to the snake-man known as Zahak in Shahnama. Although there is not much known about the Elamites’ gods, Inshûshinak ,the great Elamite god, may be more connected to this motif than other deities in Iran because he is also best known for his reliance to the dead bodies and underworld. What is so interesting is that the most outstanding characteristic of Zahak is connected to his power of death through killing the young men in his myth. So the study believes that the man with snakes on his shoulders has been the god of underworld and death in the history.

The historical urban tissues are the rich sources of social culture history; so need to be revitalized because of "obsolescence" process during the ages and it is quiet natural. Rather than the characteristics of the historical tissue must be updated to meet the contemporary human needs by "integrated revitalization". This method known as a staged process which followed planned mechanism. Beside of all of this integrated revitalization based on maintaining natural capital for present and future generation which is known as "Sustainability". The main aim of this paper is to propose a model for integrating the two concept of sustainability and revitalization of historic urban quarters and to indicate an appropriate strategy for their revitalization. Based on this aim, this study use analytical-descriptive method according to documents and theoretical framework. So this study is based on several stages: first presents the theoretical review on the concept of "revitalization", and its relationship with sustainability; next, it introduces the characteristics, role, selection process and scaling method of sustainability in compare with revitalization. The paper then, as the main contribution of this paper, proposes the model for measuring the level of sustainability in historic urban quarters and determines some proposals to achieve revitalized and sustainable historic urban quarters. Therefore, when the level of sustainability is high in any one of these three structures, it means that the level of obsolescence is low in the same structures of an historic urban quarter. The result of this paper leads us to say that, the level of sustainability is a new (additional) input in the strategic planning process of revitalization and sustainable urban revitalization of historic urban quarters. Finally, the paper concludes with a brief summary on the general arguments of the paper. As aforementioned, there are three strategic approaches in the revitalization process. Accordingly, there will be three proposals according to the level and types of obsolescence, sustainability and development dynamics in order to achieve more sustainable historic urban quarters. The first strategic approach is determined by whether the area has a high resource value with physical obsolescence, high development dynamics and a high sustainability level. The possibility of high development dynamics, which are accepted as an historic urban quarter is still an attractive proposition for its current use and/or for alternative uses. In respect of these results, an historic urban quarter, where physical obsolescence and high development dynamics is present, it is necessary to implement physical revitalization as a short-term strategy and functional regeneration as a long-term strategy. In the second proposal, the strategic approach is applied when an historic urban quarter has only a partially sustainable position due to the presence of physical and functional obsolescence in the physical structures and problems in the socio-economic structure. If an historic urban quarter has physical and functional obsolescence, the development dynamics are in a static state. According to these results, the proposal should be to implement physical revitalization as a short-term strategy and functional diversification as a long-term economic revitalization strategy to increase the attractiveness and sustainability level of historic urban quarters. The third proposal is applied when an historic urban quarter is in an unsustainable condition and demonstrates a high degree of physical, functional and locational obsolescence. If an historic urban quarter has these three types of obsolescence, the development dynamics are in a declining and/or deteriorating state.

By investigating the modern architecture in Turkey and Iran, it is observed that the "modern house" discourse is a major part of the architecture in these two countries. The modern architectural idealists in the West introduced residential architecture as the essence of modern architecture and considered it an important and significant subject. Naturally, this view was influenced by the culture of Turkish-Iranian architecture in the early twentieth century. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects of modern architecture on the residential architecture of these countries and understand the reasons for their similarities and differences. Hence, this paper seeks to study the impacts and their causes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cubic architecture on modern residential buildings in Iran and Turkey, and presents comparative study on the developments in residential architecture of the two countries in the early twentieth century. In this study, the differences and similarities between the underlying factors and the developments of residential architecture were have beeninvestigated in two countries. Alao we have tried to present the comparative study of developments in Residential Architecture in the 1930s, for both countries.
In this study, a comparative- analytical research method has been used. Library method has been used to gather the information. three buildings from Iran and three buildings from Turkey have been selected to do th comparative study. Then the characteristics were evaluated for the purpose of comparison. The results of this study show that, a comparative study on residential architecture from different aspects in the two periods of the republic and Pahlavi I, thre is general similarity in follow-up of Bauhaus and expressionism current in the emergence of fundamentally new forms of residential architecture of this period. Cubic houses have different structural and formal qualities. The structure of the organization of the cubic Plans can be divided into four categories: Plans with a central plateSoffeh, an inner plateSoffeh, an external plateSoffeh and without plateSoffeh that have a mutual relationship with the traditional architecture of these cou