Chronic Diseases Journal
Volume:4 Issue: 2, Summer-Autumn 2016

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases in Iran and the world. It is chronic, progressive, and expensive, and creates many complications. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem with spiritual health in patients with diabetes mellitus.
The study was based on a descriptive correlational method. Statistical population consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ardabil City, Iran, in 2016. 108 patients with diabetes mellitus were selected as the statistical sample using the convenience sampling method. For data collection, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and spiritual health scales were used. Data analysis was made using Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression tests.
There was a significant relationship between the self-efficacy and self-esteem with spiritual health in patients with diabetes mellitus. In addition, the results of multiple regression showed that self-efficacy and self-esteem could significantly predict spiritual health among these patients (P = 0.001 for both).
It can be concluded that self-efficacy and self-esteem are considered among the predicting variables related to spiritual health.

Fatigue and depression affect the illness perception of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of fatigue and depression in illness perception of patients with MS.
The present study was a descriptive correlational research. The target population was all patients with MS who referred to the Iran MS Association. The sample consisted of 138 patients who were selected using convenience sampling. Data were gathered using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ) and were analyzed via stepwise regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Based on study findings, fatigue and depression had a statistically significant relationship with all subscales of illness perception. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that fatigue and depression predict disease outcome, personal control, therapeuticý control, identity, concern, illness recognition, and emotion regulation among patients with MS.
The findings of this research showed that illness perception, as an effective indicator in patient's quality of life (QOL), appears to be predicted by fatigue and depression.

This study evaluated the quantitative, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of exposure to BTEX using lifetime cancer risk (LCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) in the National Company for Distribution of Petroleum Products in Iran.
In this risk assessment method, the data were collected in different parts of the company. In order to determine the concentration of BTEX, sampling was carried out in different parts using activated carbon. A Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) was used for analysis. Analysis and sampling was conducted according to the NIOSH 1500 method. For carcinogenic risk assessment, LCR was calculated. For non-carcinogenic risk assessment, HQ was calculated.
The carcinogenetic risk of benzene was definite for loading and deep handling units, and safety officer, and was probable rank for sealing, inspection gate, security, loading 1, and deep handling units. The carcinogenic risk of ethylbenzene was definite for quality control and loading 1 units, was probable for deep handling and loading 2 units, and safety officer, and was possible for sealing, inspection gates, security units. The non-carcinogenic risk of toluene was acceptable for deep handling, clothing, inspection gates, and sealing units, but was unacceptable for officer safety, quality control, loading 1, and loading 2 units. The non-carcinogenic risk of xylene was acceptable for the inspection gate unit, but was unacceptable for security, sealing, officer safety, quality control, deep handling, loading 1, loading 2 units.
This risk assessment method used was a comprehensive and quantitative method, so it determined risk accurately. Commensurate with the risk level of each part of the company, the appropriate corrective actions must be carried out.

One of the most important causes of psychological problems is the loss of life expectancy. Life expectancy plays a very important role in mental health, quality of life and self-esteem. This research was conducted to investigate the relationship between public sports and life expectancy in the staff of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
Using Krejcie-Morgan table, 369 individuals were selected via random sampling. Data were collected using standardized physical activity questionnaire of Bahram and Shafizadeh, and life expectancy questionnaire of Snyder and Forsyth. Data analysis was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, binomial, Mann Whitney U, and Spearman correlation coefficient tests.
Men's participation rate in general and recreational activities was higher than that of women employees. However, the rate of life expectancy for staff of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences was not favorable.
Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested to the officials and managers of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences to promote sports and recreational programs in order to increase the level of life expectancy in the staff.

It has been demonstrated in previous investigations that non-specific low back pain is caused by multiple factors. Evidently, integrative therapies should be used in order to improve this disorder. Documents exhibit that integrative ýtherapies are capable of improving different aspects of low back pain and preventing the recurrence of clinical symptoms. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of hypnotherapy with physiotherapy on low back pain.
The statistical sample included 28 women who were randomly divided into two groups. One group received hypnotherapy with physiotherapy and the other received pure physiotherapy. The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21), the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) were used to measure the trend of changes (pretest, mid-test, and posttest) of psychological distress, pain intensity, and functional disability. The Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) was used to measure suggestibility. In order to analyze data, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in SPSS software.
The results revealed that hypnotherapy with physiotherapy affects pain intensity in the same way as pure physiotherapy (P It can be concluded that hypnotherapy with physiotherapy can improve pain intensity, functional disability, and psychological distress, and the total effectiveness of hypnotherapy with physiotherapy is more than the total effectiveness of pure physiotherapy.

Eccrine porocarcinoma, first described in 1963, is a rare malignant lesion arising from the eccrine sweat glands. It is usually a primary tumor, even more commonly, a malignant degeneration of an eccrine poroma. It usually affects elderly, and is located commonly in the lower extremities. About 20% of the cases will reappear after treatment. The treatment consists of wide local excision of the primary lesion. This uncommon skin tumor is locally aggressive and has a high recurrence rate.
CASE REPORT: We report a 95-year-old woman with a large tumor on the left knee. A large number of tumoral cells showed immunolabeling of p63 supporting squamous or myoepithelial differentiation. They were also positive for cytokeratin-7 (CK7), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) highlight luminal differentiation in some of the vacuolated cells and this was also seen with periodic acid-Schiff-diastase (PAS-diastase) staining.
Eccrine porocarcinoma is a rare aggressive form of skin cancer with unknown etiology, and little guidance is available in the literature on exact protocols for treatment and follow up. It should be on the differential diagnosis of any suspicious skin lesion seen by the plastic surgeon. Histologic assessment is indicated in suspicious lesions.