نشریه اقتصاد و الگوسازی
پیاپی 11-12 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

Inflation inequality indicates the encounter of households with different consumption expenditure, with various inflation rates. The present article is composed of two main sections. The first section deals with the calculation of inflation inequality, and the second section concerns the effect of this inequality on the distribution of expenditure of occupational groups. To examine the presence of inequality, three methods of plutocratic gap, descriptive analysis of the CIP of households (skewness coefficient), and inflation in socio-economic groups (the occupational group of householders) are utilized. In order to achieve a more accurate analysis of the inflation situation and the effects of changes in current price index in Iran, the effects of the consumer price index of each occupational group on the share of the expenditures of the same group will be studied in the next section. In fact, the present article aims to distinguish between the classes which suffer from inflation and the classes which benefit from it, rather than examine the effects of inflation on inequality as a whole. Households in urban areas of Iran are divided, based on the occupational group that the householder belongs to. The findings of the study indicate that there is an inflation inequality between households in different occupational groups, in different periods of time; however, this trend oscillates in different periods of time. On average, in each period, managers, high-ranking officials and specialists experience less inflation, and the effect of this inflation (increase in price index) on groups’ expenditure share of the expenditures of the whole society has been decreasing. In some groups, inflation causes an increase in the value of assets, and consequently the wealth of these people increases, in a way that the increase in the income is bigger than the increase in the expenditure. Groups which lack such assets only experience an increase in their expenditure, and their income does not increase in line with their expenditure. Therefore, the groups with a low income and a small wealth suffer from inflation. In the present study, unskilled workers constitute a group which faces the highest level of inflation, and whose share of consumption expenditure increases as a result of inflation in this period as well.

In analyzing economic activities, investment is considered to be a very important variable due to its role in increasing production capacity, income and employment. It is for this reason that economists have always tried to identify the variable that affect private investment. Classic theory of investment consider the rate of user cost of capital as an important factor in shaping fixed capital formation. This paper, with the aid of Jorgenson's classical theory of investment tries to determine the impact of user cost of capital on private investment in the Iranian economy. As uncertainty and capacity utilization rate are also important in deciding how much to invest. This two variables are also added in the investment function.
Empirical result obtained using co-integration and ARDL approach, confirms Jorgenson's neoclassical theory of investment for the Iranian economy. The results show that one percent increase in the user cost of capital reduces private investment by 0.86 percent. Moreover, one percent increase in uncertainty index causes private investment to reduce by 3.4 percent. Results obtained from estimating Error Correction Model (ECM) show that the speed of adjustment towards long-run equilibrium is relatively fast. Almost 80 percent of disequilibrium error is adjusted in each period.

This article reviews the increasing energy prices with cash paid on income distribution in Iran's economy. Gini coefficient is an indicator of the income distribution. First, assuming no impact of energy price increases on economic growth, inflation and employment and using different deciles of household income for 1387 year, energy price increases on each of the deciles calculated and then, with cash subsidies, the Gini coefficient is calculated. Results show the effect of increasing energy prices with direct cash payments, the Gini coefficient is reduced.
In order to fully evaluate the effects of energy price increases on income distribution, using simultaneous equations, direct and indirect effects of these increases on economic growth, inflation and employment, together with cash payment on the Gini coefficient were examined. The results showed that the Gini coefficient increases. In other words, such subsidies with targeted cash payments, the income distribution will become more unbalanced.

In the literature on economic growth, foreign trade is regarded as a growth factor since it is an effective factor in forming a country’s economy and is capable of influencing all economic sectors. Among different foreign trade approaches, such as export and import, development of non-oil exports is one of the most important economic and political issues which enjoys top priority not only for the sake of absorbing foreign currency, but in terms of providing employment opportunities in the country.
In this paper, the main discussion is around the analysis of the growth effect of non-oil exports on the domestic non-oil GDP growth and also export growth in separate sectors of agriculture and industry on domestic GDP of these sectors during 1974-2009 using Feder growth model in Iran.
The findings of the study show that non-oil exports of Iran have no significant effect on the growth of non-oil GDP. It is also seen that agricultural export has no meaningful effect on its GDP growth, while it is not benefitting from the export of other non-oil sectors and oil exports. While GDP of industrial sectors is influenced by the exports of this sector, it is also benefiting from the exports of non-oil sectors and oil exports, among which the effect of other non-oil sector’s exports surpasses the other two sectors.

This study attempts to examine market power based on conjectural variation in textile industry with structural approach. It selected 9 subsector of ISIC code over 1996-2008. The technique of analyzing is Panel data. Results of this paper show that there is market power in 6 subsectors. Highest and lowest coefficients of collusion are related to “Fiber preparation and Spinning industry” and “Kelim industry”, respectively. The economies of size are significant for all subsectors. Higher economy size is related to Carpet and Rug subsector, which equal to 178.51. Lowest is related to Hosiery subsector which is equal to 4.56.

Importance of concepts like "innovation" and "creativity" in the formation of knowledge based economies is abvious. Recent developments in the world economy shows that in the absence of innovation and creativity growth, the gap between developed and developing countries enhanced but scientific developments accelerete the success of sustainable development. Since one of the tools of creativity and innovation growth in a country is intellectual property rights protection, Identification of economic factors impacting on intellectual property rights, as one of the factors that affect intellectual property rights, can help policy makers to select the appropriate policy in this area. Thus, this paper seeks to identify economic factors affecting the protection of intellectual property rights. The results suggest GDP per capita and membership in the WTO have direct impact on intellectual property rights, in both developed and developing countries . Education in developed and trade openness in developing countries, has direct impact on the intellectual property rights.

This paper identifies major determinants of energy intensity in Iranian industries concentrating on industries Characteristic using GMM method, during 1374-86. The findings show that the capital intensity, labour intensity, repaired intensity, exported intensity and ICT intensity have positive and significant effect on energy intensity. Although, technology imported intensity has positive effect on energy intensity that is not significant. Likewise, both linear and non- linear items of industry size have positive and significant effect on energy intensity. Also, energy price affect on energy intensity negatively, as expected.