Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity
Volume:9 Issue: 4, Winter 2017

Prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian women is increasing. Due to the obesity consequences, prevention is important. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lifestyle modification on the management of weight loss, body image and self-esteem in overweight women.
This study was carried out in a semi-experimental method using pretest-posttest design with control group. The sample of study were 30 obese women referred to nutrition and treatment clinics in the north of Tehran, who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental group based on lifestyle and control group. Data were collected using structured clinical interviews, structured clinical interviews for personality disorders, body mass index (BMI), Multiple Body-Self Relationship Questionnaire (MBSRQ), Weight Efficacy Lifestyle (WEL), and Scale of Self-Esteem Index for Women-Short-form (SSEL-W-SF). Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA). For training subjects, lifestyle modification therapy was used in 12 sessions of 90 minutes, once a week. No intervention was used for control group and pretest and post-test were performed for both groups.
The results showed that lifestyle modification therapy had a significant effect on weight management, body image and sexual self-esteem of women with high overweight. This means that the experimental group had higher weight management, body image and sexual self-esteem after intervention than the control group (P≤0.001).
These results indicate that training the women with high overweight for lifestyle modification has a significant impact on creating new and original inspirations and actions; and this training can be used as a useful intervention to improve the level of weight management, body image and sexual self-esteem among overweight women.

Fatty liver disease is one of the most common diseases in women with type II diabetes. While regular exercise can decrease the complication of this disease, it was not clearly identified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks aerobic training on Liver Transaminases and some glycemic markers in women with type II diabetes. In this study, 20 patients with type II diabetes were participated in two groups (experimental and control group). The experimental group did the continuous aerobic training and running on treadmill with 55 to 80 percent of their maximum heart rate for five times a week during the four weeks. The blood samples were prepared in two pre-test and post-test steps to measure the levels of liver transaminases, glucose and insulin through ELISA method.
Statistical analysis showed that after four weeks of aerobic training, the liver inflammatory markers, glucose and insulin related to the experimental group had no significant difference in comparison with control group (P>0.05).
The results indicated that doing the continuous aerobic training five times a week during four weeks with 55 to 80 percent of maximum heart rate, do not diminish liver transaminases, glucose and insulin in women with type II diabetes.

There are controversial reports about biological effects of the Melia Azedarach Linn. (MA). In the present study, the effect of MA fruit extract on lipid profile, cardiac and hepatic functions of diabetic rats was investigated.
Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 as the control group, Group 2 as the diabetic group, Group 3 and 4 as the diabetic rats treated with MA fruit extract (100 and 200 mg/kg for 30 days, orally) and Group 5 as the positive control group treated by Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg for 30 days). Diabetes was induced by nicotine amide and streptozotocin. After 30 days, the plasma concentration of glucose, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), lipid profile, hepatic enzymes were measured. Also, electrocardiogram and interventricular pressures were recoded.
The data showed that the plasma levels of glucose, HbA1c, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased in the diabetic group. These parameters were higher in groups treated with MA extract, without significant difference. The plasma lipid profile significantly changed in diabetic rats and did not come back to normal level in groups treated with MA extract. Compared to the control group, corrected QT interval was increased and the rate of interventricular pressure changes decreased in all groups. MA extract was as an antioxidant compound against diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals.
These results demonstrated that although MA extract had an antioxidant effect, it did not improve the signs of diabetes in diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus has multiple effects on oral tissues. Oral symptoms especially periodontal disease and recurrent bacterial and fungal infections seem to vary in patients with different body mass index. The aim of this study was to investigate periodontal treatment needs Index in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes and its relation with body mass index (BMI).
In this cross-sectional analytical study, 150 individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2016 were studied in terms of BMI and the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Patients divided in two groups: BMI of over 30 and under 30. Data obtained from each group analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and Mann-Whitney statistical test was used.
The mean of CPITN index was not significantly different in men and women. Also in different age groups, there were no significant differences, except 50 to 59 years range. In this age group, the mean of CPITN in patients with BMI above 30 was 1.926 and in BMI under 30 was 1.5792 (P-value:0.019). In patients with BMI above 30 the mean of CPITN reported 1.88 in comparison with 1.61 in group with BMI under 30 (P-value:0.030).
The results indicated that diabetic patients with a BMI greater than 30 need more periodontal treatment than patient with BMI less than 30. Also indexes in the age range 50 to 59 years was more prominent which means clinicians have to consider patients with uncontrolled type2 diabetes more carefully for providing oral health when BMI and age are increasing.

A question raised here as to whether exercise training combined with Mg supplementation could improve the symptoms of neuropathic pain such as the thermal hyperalgesia more effectively than either of the two alone. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of swim training and Mg supplementation on thermal hyperalgesia in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.
Male wistar rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups: Control (C), Diabetic Control (CD), Training Diabetic (TD), Magnesium (Mg) Supplementing Diabetic (MgD), and Mg Supplementing and Training (MgTD). The training rats were subjected to forced-swimming for 8 weeks. Mg supplementing groups orally received magnesium sulfate (10 g/l) added into drinking water, for 8 weeks. Tail flick latency (TFL) test was used to evaluate the thermal pain threshold. Data were analyzed via multiple analyses of variance (MANOVA)
Diabetes displayed the thermal hyperalgesia in most of diabetic groups at the late stage diabetes (P These results suggested that the swim training go along with Mg administration could be a safe effective strategy for the prevention of painful diabetic neuropathy.

The reasons that some of these studies have offered for aerobic training’s lack of tangible effect on the level of angiogenesis, are subjects’ readiness and the conditions of their diseases, while others have detected the intensity and the frequency of doing the aerobic trainings as the factors preventing the effectiveness of them on the level of angiogenesis. Thus, the present study studied the effects of taking interval and continuous aerobic trainings on the degrees of angiogenesis and nitric oxide.
Sixty eligible old men in Kahrizak nursing home among volunteers were selected and studied in three groups (Continuous, Interval and Control). First, the initial blood samples were gathered to record of serum WEGF by ELISA kit. In the second stage NO in saliva were measured by conversion of nitrate to nitrite and by Griess reaction. After the 48 hours, experimental group in both continuous and interval carried out training for 6 weeks and the control group continued their daily activities. Post-test data measured and recorded in the same conditions with the pre-test. Obtained data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA, Scheffe post hoc and dependent T-test.
The results showed that WEGF serum and salivary NO levels after performing the aerobic training to both continuous and interval methods was not any significantly different (P>0.05). However, the percentage change recorded data for the experimental group than in the control group despite the lack of significant difference of nearly a significant increase in the WEGF serum and saliva levels of NO were observed (No: Continuous and Interval≈ 0/05 increase, Control: 0/01 increase, VEGF: Continuous= 0/03 Increase, Interval= 0/05 Increase, Control= 0/02 Decrease). According to the paradox observed in obese and diabetes subjects can be said that apply the aerobic training in elderly subjects with such conditions requires specific design and likely to be that the implementation of traditional aerobic trainings will not have a significant effect on the WEGF serum and NO saliva levels.
In the present study, we found that doing aerobics training in both continuous and interval courses had no significant effects on the level of angiogenesis and nitric oxide in the old men under study. However, we can maintain that taking aerobic trainings by subjects who suffer from diabetes, hypertension and obesity, based on results from previous studies has no positive effects. Patients suffering from diabetes, hypertension and obesity would see no significant change in their angiogenesis rate after doing continuous or interval aerobic trainings.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is an important condition in diabetes categories causing significant complications including pre-eclampsia and eclampsia among pregnant women. The aim of this study was to estimate the trend of annual GDM incidence and its risk factors in Yazd province, Iran, from 2008 to 2013.
The present study was conducted as a prospective cohort study in which all pregnant women who had attended primary health care centers were screened for GDM. Annual GDM incidence was calculated for all and also according to 5-year age groups and residential area (urban/rural). Secular trends for GDM incidence and its risk factors were also evaluated.
In this study, 67320 pregnant women were screened for GDM and 5425 pregnant women were diagnosed as GDM with 6-year incidence of 8,6%. Annual incidence of GDM increased from 3.1% in 2008 to 18.9% in 2013. Assessment of crude and age-adjusted incidence across the years of follow up revealed incremental secular trend (P-value Clinicians should have specific regard to pregnant women with some risk factors for timely diagnosis and treatment. Meanwhile returning to previous life style of rural area can help to decrease GDM incidence.

The growing prevalence of diabetes makes this disease a health threatening issue. Regular physical activity is a solution in prevention and treatment of diabetes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review the effect of exercise trainings on visceral fat tissue in type 2 diabetes patients, based on the studies performed in Iran.
The present study is a review concerning the effects of physical training on visceral fat in diabetic patients. The search was performed on SID (Scientific Information Database), Irandoc and Magiran. After the apraise of the articles, 8 studies carried out between 2005 and 2016 in Iran were included.
A review of the studies indicated that participation in regular physical activities improves blood glucose control. It is effective in secretion and gene expression of adipokines in visceral fat tissues. Moreover, it is able to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
Physical activity has a fundamental role in prevention and control of insulin resistance, pre-diabetic circumstances, type 2 diabetes and its health related complications. Both aerobic and resistance exercises improve the action of insulin and the secretion of adipocytokines of the visceral fat tissue.