مجله مدیریت آب و آبیاری
سال هفتم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

Urban floods management and its problems reduction, applying modern methods such as low impact development (LID), can be considered as one of the main measures in this context. In this study, urban storm water existing network is analyzed to find flooded areas in some parts of Tehran district number 13 using EPA-SWMM mathematical model. After creating storm water existing network model, storm event with return periods (RPs) 2, 5 and 10 years have been selected. Results show that in comparison with total runoff, flood volume of flooded areas in each RPs is 19.3, 24 and 27 percent, respectively. Thus, storm water existing network can only pass some parts of runoff and the rest causes urban inundation. After that, applying Rain Barrel (RB) as a low impact development technique, with two different sizes for all RPs mentioned above, were studied. Based on the results, flood volume exit out of the flooded areas for RB smaller size was reduced 47, 21.6 & 9.7 percent and for RB larger size 47.3, 39.6 & 38.7 percent for all RPs mentioned above respectively. Comparison between LID technique and Non-LID technique shows that novel approaches such as rain barrel as a LID technique can reduce negative effects of small storm events 40 percent approximately.

In this research, effect of lateral ends connection as pairs on hydraulic properties of drip irrigation system was investigated. To perform the experiment, a drip irrigation system was constructed on flat plot with dimensions of 80m × 90m in Zanjan University Research Farm. The test was done in two different conditions including none (N.C.) and pair (P.C.) connection of lateral ends and at three system operating pressures including 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 bar. The used emitter type was in-line long path with 4 LPH discharge and 1.0 bar operating pressure. Based on results, at 0.5 bar operating pressure, pair connection of lateral ends caused decreasing of variability coefficient from 13.1% to 10.7%, increasing of emission uniformity from 82% to 85% and increasing of Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient from 89% to 91%. At 1.0 bar operating pressure, the amounts of CV, Eu and Uc changed from 9.1, 90 and 92% (respectively) in N.C. condition to 4.9, 95 and 96% (respectively) in P.C. condition. Amounts of CV, Eu and Uc parameters in P.C. condition and 1.5 bar operating pressure were 5.5%, 93% and 96% (respectively) and in N.C. condition were obtained 9.7%, 87% and 93% (respectively). Considering the results of current research, pair connection of lateral ends was improved drip irrigation system technically and hydraulically.

Increasing population growth along with the freshwater resources global crisis necessitates the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture, as the largest fresh water consumer, especially in the arid and semiarid areas. The goal of this study was to effect of irrigation with conjunctive Caspian seawater and fresh water on yield and yield components of Persian leek (Allium persicum L.) in greenhouse condition. The research was done based on completely randomized design including three replications as pot planting in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2015. The treatments included four levels (mixture of sea water tap water, alternate, half alternate and tap water), respectively. The results inducted that the effect of different irrigation regimes on chlorophyll, shoot fresh weight, plant height, number of leaves per plant, root fresh and dry weight were highly significant (P

Due to the limited available water resources and the other hand, population growth and increasing water demand use of any solution to save water and increase the area under cultivation is of utmost importance. This study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pinto beans number G-01437. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four levels (0, 50, 75 and 100 percent sewage). Results indicated that irrigation with completely wastewater increased plant height, and fresh and dry weight products by 17.6, 22.5, and 18.1 percent in compare to control, respectively. The most concentration values of chlorophyll a, b and the total was associated with 100% irrigation with wastewater. In the meantime, irrigation with increasing level of wastewater increased the absorption level of N, P and K in compare to control. So, even with relatively low use of wastewater was significantly increased the performance of this product. Use of sewage, in addition to permanent monitoring of their quality were recommended.

In this study, the effect of water stress and different levels of superabsorbent on corn variety of SC704 in a farm with sandy soil, in Hamidiyeh region and in spring and summer cultivation was evaluated. Experimental design was according to split plot method in a randomized block. It was done with 12 treatments and 3 replications. In this study, 3 different depths of irrigation were considered as the main treatment including I1, I2, I3 as 100, 75 and 50 percent of water requirement of plant respectively and different levels of superabsorbent were used as secondary treatment including S0, S1, S2 and S3, equal to 0 (control), 15, 30 and 45 gr m-2 respectively. This study was included 12 treatments and 3 replications and totally 36 plots were tested. So, 36 experimental basins were evaluated. According to the results, independent effect of irrigation and superabsorbent treatments at 1% level on grain yield of SC704 corn was significant. The maximum and the minimum of grain yield were 5.89 and 2.06 t/ha related to the complete irrigation (I1) and severe drought stress (I3) respectively. In addition, independent effect of irrigation treatments and superabsorbent and their reciprocal effects at 1% level on water use efficiency of SC704 corn was significant. The maximum and the minimum of water use efficiency were 9.66 and 6.6 kg/ha.mm related to the complete irrigation (I1) and severe drought stress (I3) respectively. Besides, the results showed that by increasing of superabsorbent levels, the mean suction amount of plant root zone was decreased.

The goal of this study was to investigation the effect of conjunctive irrigation with seawater and fresh water on biochemical properties and water use efficiency of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) in greenhouse condition. In this study, five conjunctive uses of seawater and fresh water are evaluated on yield and yield components of dill. The research was done based on completely randomized design including three replications as pot planting in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2016. In this study, five irrigation regimes existed of irrigation with one-third of sea water with tsp water, irrigation with half seawater and then one more half with fresh water, alternate irrigation with seawater and tap water, conjunction irrigation. The results inducted that the effect of different irrigation regimes on total chlorophyll and Cl-of leaf were highly significant (P

Irrigation water salinity is one of the most important challenges in agriculture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the yield and yield of peanut varieties under irrigation and salinity conditions. The present two years study was carried out in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Guilan province. The main factor was irrigation with 40, 60, 80 and 100% water requirement and sub-treatment was including salinity of 1, 3, 5 and 7 dS/m and sub-treatment was including four peanut cultivars (‘Guil’, ‘Gorgani’, ‘Jonobi’ and ‘Mesri’). The highest seed yield was obtained in ‘Jonobi’ cultivar with 1 dS/m salinity and ‘Guil’ cultivar with 5 dS/m was 1254 and 1127 kg/ha respectively. The effect of irrigation on cultivars showed that the highest amount of seed yield in ‘Guill’ cultivar in both years, in condition of 80% water requirement was 1483 and 1347 kg/ha respectively. The highest seed yield in cultivar and in 100% water requirement and 1 dS/m salinity in both year was 1883 and 1710 kg/ha, respectively. According to the results, ‘Guil’ cultivar is the most suitable cultivar for cultivation of the study area.

Restoration of the Urmia Lake requires an increase of water productivity in irrigation networks. This research was aimed to evaluate the performance of water delivery in the Zarinehroud irrigation network, the Urmia Lake Basin, and to provide with an optimization plan. An intensive survey was carried out in the area under left main canals of the network duringSummer 2015.The water demand for irrigation was computed in each unitfor different courses of the year,and compared with the allocated water by the network authority. The four performance indicators of Molden-Gates were computed. Results indicated that the efficiency index with mean value of 56% represents a poor condition. While the adequacy index, with mean value of 97%,shows a good condition; the corresponding durability index (with mean value of 38%), and equity index (with mean value of 50%) represent the lack of balance between water supply and demand in the study area. The non-uniform distribution of surface water has lead to an increase in water depth and groundwater salinity in the lowland areas, and water logging in parts of upland areas. In this study, water delivery schedule for current crop pattern in the region was optimized using PSO algorithm. Accordingly, the four network indices (i.e. efficiency, adequacy, dependability and equity) could be upgraded to 65, 100, 8, and 60 percent, respectively. The results confirm the potential of great improvement in water productivity, even by continuing the traditional crop pattern used in the Zarinehroud irrigation network.

The crop water stress index depends on the temperature difference of the air and canopy cover. It is a reliable method to scheduling irrigation and plants water status.This study carried out to soybean irrigation scheduling using of the crop water stress index in Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty at Lorestan University.For this purpose, soybean was growing under irrigation levels I1 (100%), I2 (80%), I3 (60%) and I4 (40%). Base on the results, the average of CWSI was calculated during the growing season for treatments I1, I2, I3 and I4, respectively, 0.18, 0.37, 0.61 and 0.84; so that CWSI increased a rate of 0.15% per unit of irrigation water reduction. Also, the relationship between grain yield and CWSI showed a high correlation with r= 0.98 that is significant at the level of 5% and the yield decreased by increasing the amount of CWSI, so that highest and lowest of yield obtained in I1 and I4 equal to 1764.7 and 466.1 Kg/hec, respectively. According to the no stress treatment (I1), CWSI=0.18 was used to determine of irrigation timing. Finally, the relationship needed to determine irrigation times for soybean in the total of growth period was estimated:.

Given the diversity of pressurized irrigation systems, the matter of choosing the appropriate system is one important issue. The appropriate system(s) in each region could be determined considering several factors such as topography, soil characteristics, climate (especially temperature and wind), crop type, quantity and quality of water resource, labor requirement, farmer's skills, economic conditions and social and cultural contexts in the region. The aim of this research was ranking of the pressurized irrigation systems in the area of 6000 ha located in the Dinawar, Sahneh district in order to select the proper pressurized irrigation system(s) in the region. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used for ranking of the systems. For this purpose, affecting factors on the choice of irrigation system classified to physical and socio-economic categories and for each category related indicators were defined. The score of each criterion for each system was determined in the scale of -3 to based on the analysis of available data and reports in the study area. The overall score for each system was determined by weighted summation of the score of indicators. Only applicable system for areas with slope over 20% is localized irrigation system. The semi-classic and solid set-portable sprinkler irrigation systems are determined as the most appropriate irrigation systems for the area with slope less than 20 percent.

The purpose of this research was to analyze surge irrigation system performance and optimize the design and management parameters. In this order, by creating furrows with a length of 80 m and 1.1% slope and implementing four treatments of surge irrigation in two inflow rates of 0.6 and 0.8 lit/s and two cycle times of 40 and 50 minutes, different water and soil parameters were collected and SIRMOD (surface irrigation model) was calibrated and evaluated. Then, the iso-performance contour plots of irrigation system were obtained to optimize cutoff time and inflow rate under maximizing of application efficiency, distribution uniformity and requirement efficiency. The results indicated that in the experimented furrows with the texture of sandy loam, by providing requirement efficiency of 100%, in inflow rate of 1.2 lit/s and cutoff time of 170 min, distribution uniformity and application efficiency will be 84% and 60% respectively. According to the results, by providing requirement efficiency of 100% and considering the best length of the furrow in different inflow rates, application efficiency increases up to maximum 65%. But if the requirement efficiency of 90% to be considered, at different inflow rates in certain length of furrow, there is possibility of achieving to application efficiency up to 90%

The scarcity of water resources and the inequitable distribution of soil and water resources in the irrigated area is a substantial challenge in the most agricultural areas of Iran, particularly the Karkhe watershed, resulting in competition among water consumers. Therefore, it is important to prioritize water allocation in agriculture. At the other side, due to the complicated relations between several criteria and sub-criteria which are conflicting sometimes, using conventional decision-making methods cannot be applicable. This paper aims at employing fuzzy DEMATEL method to identify the relations between effective criteria in allocating water in order to prioritize a number of irrigation networks of Karkhe River. In this way, 30 criteria were determined in social, economic and environmental sections. The results show that the criteria of participation of stakeholders, water user cooperation quota along with climate change criterion are being determined and prioritized as effective and important criteria by the values of 6.9, 6.73 and 6.44, respectively, while the criteria of immigration, regional employment rate, social justice and social welfare resulting from water, are considered as impressible criteria affected strongly by the aforementioned effective criteria by the values of 6.09, 5.93, 5.72 and 5.1, respectively. Therefore, applying fuzzy DEMATEL, the network relations between criteria and their importance are determined for water allocation between irrigation and drainage networks of Karkhe river in order to prioritize them using multi criteria decision making method.