نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 20، زمستان 1388)

Iran has a lot of natural resources and great energy resources but all of them are restricted. Prophet Mohammad peace be upon him says: you should economize because it is a everlasting treasure. In this article we discuss about the role of government and other institution in consumption pattern reform and on the other hand the reasons of consumption of the members of society has been studied and the way to optimize the consumption pattern in Islamic economy has been emarginated. The main question of our study is that is there any meaningful relations between incomes and the level of graduation of families with the rate of energy consumption- home water, electricity and gas consumption- during the 12-year period. The results of this survey show that there is positive correlation to 95% of between family income and the rate of consumption more than optimized consumption. This proves the importance of the bill of targeting subsidies because according to this article richer people consume more energy than the poorer and applying this bill will provide the economic infrastructure for fair consumption. On the other hand there are no meaningful relations between the level of graduation and the rate of consumption which is proves that the education institutions and universities could not create cultural infrastructure for Consumption Pattern reform. To fulfill the goals of vision plan the role of educational and cultural institutions to provide the cultural and economic infrastructures to educate the consumption pattern reform is very important because the people accept the concepts of this plan which combined with the religion, culture, moralities and economy of the society. The result of this matter is to optimize the familie's consumption basket. Although we cannot ignore the important role of information technology and renewable energies in this matter.

Rural women in addition to their key role in economy of their home are the invisible elements of labor force in rural economy. Accordingly they have great role in productivity and promotion of efficient development models in different aspects of resources consumption and facilities related to social and economic activities in rural area. This article according to secondary analysis tries to study the role of rural women in categories like: economy of families and society, gaining income, help to supply the cost of consumption of the family, the way of consuming the income of the family and the relation between these matters with the consumption Pattern reform in rural societies. The authors is going to introduce the rural women as the facilitators of consumption Pattern reform in different aspects of agricultural productions, handicrafts, and other social and economic activities. Generally the following key variables in different studies have been mentioned to proportionate the social and economic roles of rural women: the level of education of women and their husbands, independence in consuming the income to promoting the position of rural women in decision making and preparing the situation for productivity and using better of resources and incomes in rural areas. In the other words empowering the rural women through transferring the human, cognitive technical and professional skills is the way to increase the quality of productivity and promotion of efficient development models in different aspects of consuming the resources and facilities in rural areas.

This article is going to find out the relations between social and economic development. Is one of them prerequisite for the other? Is one of them the cause for another? Is their relation interactive in which each of them is both the cause and effect? Is there any relation between them? To answer these questions first we defined the concepts of development, social development, and economic development then accordingly the kinds of relationships between the two concepts has been determined. According to this article the relations between development, social development, and economic development are concerned to their definition and indexes. If we define the social development generally it can encompass the economic development but if it defined in particular way it completely different from economic development. Historically the experiences of social and economic development in developing countries are different from the developed one. In developing countries mere attention to economic development exacerbate the social indexes but in developed countries firs it exacerbated the social development indexes and then it improve the social development.

There is no doubt that the information technology is a great factor for change. This new phenomenon accelerates the change trend especially in the consumption pattern reforms matter. In this regard the important issue is the way of communication with the consumers so the roles of TVs, radio, satellites etc have been increased. Although the information technology has influence on the alteration and changes of the society, but it's just the one side of the matter because the responsibility of the consumers has the great role in the changes and alteration. So one of the main duties of media and information centers is creating the sense of responsibility in consumers. Increasing this sense can accelerate the change trend in the country. So the promotion of the culture of consumption pattern reforms in all aspects-economic, social, practical etc- through the information centers specially media has the great role in promotion and development of the country.

Development and the human, economic and social development indexes are the main suitable criteria for the assessment of efficiency and structural balance of the societies. In this regard productivity is one of the most important indexes, which can help us to explain the level of development of the countries and expression of the different levels of development in them. When the productivity indexes of the production factors in economy is not desirable and the share of productivity in economic growth is low, it needs lots of force labor and capital to reach to the certain level of goods and services. The result of this process is enormous and illogical consumption in economy. Consumption Pattern reform can be defined as the optimizing the proper way of using the resources or the optimized programmed and suitable usage from the facilities and resources in different economic sectors. In the other words Consumption Pattern reform is synonym with productivity which pursuing each can reach the other. Regarding to the importance of Consumption Pattern reform and its role in creating productivity, the aim of this article is to explain the role of this factor in productivity. Defining and explaining the productivity and this article Consumption Pattern reform this article is to express the importance of Consumption Pattern reform in promoting productivity and explain the obstacles and challenges of it and finally the proper way-out methods to solve them.

Productivity is one of fundamental issues that in different levels and activities have 100-year background. Especially in last decades of this century its importance in industrial, social and economical activities is more emphasized. Although there are number of definitions for productivity but it needs a comprehensive and compatible definition for its implementation. Continuing a productive system needs activities such as sharing the profits, structural improvement, human resource development and etc. solutions for increasing productivity is do to efficient knowledge of current situation and working culture. According to the working culture and current situation we can say that solutions are different too. Investigating in companies and productive unites shows that paying attention to the productivity in different productive sectors is and should be different and it should be compatible with the situation. In the new world of employment and working that is changing soon and complicated, there are number of methods for continuous improvement. So the aim of this paper is presenting productivity definition and showing different methods and techniques for increasing productivity and indicating the best solution.

One of the main functions of nuclear energy is production of electricity. In this article the costs of producing nuclear electricity is calculated separately in three categories of fuel cost, operation and maintenance and capital costs. According to the findings of this study the cost of production of one-kilo watt–hour of nuclear electricity is 6.01 to 8.24 cents. In addition the cost of production of one-kilo watt–hour of nuclear electricity without the social costs is more than the costs of fossil power plants-except the gas power plants. As the result this article suggests that the ministry of energy should develop the Combined Cycle power plant. But to decide about the proportion of nuclear energy in the national economy of the country we should pay attention to the interest of economizing in other energy Carriers in addition to the costs of producing nuclear electricity.

In this article Urban Functions in Rural Development are considered as a spatial analysis in Rural Planning. There are two unnoticed Points here that has caused disorder in Spatial are as. The first one is, paying less attention to Spatial View in regional and Rural level according to the conditions and Sources. The Second is, paying not attention to the Urban and Rural Systems in the whole. The above disorders can be generally observed in distribution of population, activities, Services among the different levels of Settlement System. This can also be seen in the Small and less populated residents in a special form. We observe no Urban facilities, Services and different Sources in populated centers.There fore, to make a systematical and useful resident with an appropriate Spatial structure can help the distribution of needed facilities in Rural areas specially Rural centers. After all this systematical approach will cover the aim of giving cheap and economical Services through the small and middles cities.As UFRD believes in spatial planning, we will be able to make a spatial good structure beside a chain like residential through giving Services and facilities by means of the small and middles cities or towns. Finally, UFRD presents it’s research for the development of regional Social and economical based on the development approaches of the country planning and the governmental system.

Of the main important and strategic issues in different societies which are in consideration of the scholars are the development and promotion and the ways and means to reach them. Every society would like to reach to development and promotion and to the higher level of prosperity in different aspects, but to gain that it needs to programming and selecting suitable model. In the past the great powers have adopted capitalist and Marxist models for development but after collapsing the Soviet Union as the leader of Marxism, the western countries preach their model for developing countries. But the leader of Islamic revolution introduces the new model especially for the Islamic countries, which is the Islamic-Iranian development model. In the 20 year Vision Plan, Iran considers as the developed country with the first place in economic, scientific and technology in the region which has Islamic nature and inspiring in the Islamic world and has the constructive role in international relations. These developments will gain through resorting to god omnipotence power and believes and national will and programmed collective attempts in the way of fulfilling the constitution's norms. Imparting the 20 year vision plan, the supreme leader emphasizes on the placing the country in the first place in economic and scientific and technology among the worlds and his schemer instructions explains the priorities and indexes for development of Islamic Iran. In this regard the supreme leader's view should be paid attention by the managers and policy makers, experts, professors, elites and statesmen to reach the development and power of the country. This article is to represent the roadmap of promotion and development of Islamic society from the viewpoints of the supreme leader. To do so the in following subjects has been discussed the leader's opinion: the importance of science and technology in the world, science production, development's model, explaining the general view of development, the presupposition of scientific promotion and the requirements of development in the forth decade of the country's life.

One of the management and engineering levels is the management and engineering of organizations. Organizations encompass nearly all parts of the societies. The human organizations are those that manage compatibly with the culture and values of their environment. The Islamic revolution organizations are the culture-oriented organizations in which the Islamic culture and values are ruling in their managements and they can realizes the divine ideals and purposes and create suitable environment for promotion and development. The bases of engineering and management of organizations are recognized by the amount of ruling culture and values in them. there are six bases for cultural engineering and management of organizations as follow: universalistic and systemic approach, the authenticity of cultural values goals and human promotion, following the guiding models, humanism vis-à-vis organization-oriented approach, evolutionism vis-à-vis economic-oriented approach and individual expedients vis-à-vis individual interests.

The human rights issue is one of the challenges of our country both from the development discourse and from the tradition-modern discourse, especially because the Islamic thoughts challenge the western human rights. In this article the human rights declaration has been studied from the ontological and anthropological aspects and tried to view the subject from Quadruplet critical approaches. To do so first we study the nature of human rights according to two basis of positivistic and natural law and then we study the Quadruplet critical approaches to these bases. The first approach from the Marxist viewpoints believes that the human right is the instrument of development of capitalism. The second view is postmodern that questions the universality of human rights and calls it as myth. The third approach is Islamic which believes that the right of making law is just for god and the human rights declaration which is originated from the self-based humanistic one cannot fulfill the humanity’s expectations. The forth standpoint is criticizing the logic of modernity and believes that modernity cannot create such rights.