نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال شانزدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 66، بهمن و اسفند 1396)

Kurdistan is an important province in the production of strawberries in the country. In traditional cultivation due to hand contact and animal fertilizers, soil contamination with pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and other coliforms which can be easily transferred into fruits and vegetables. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination rate of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and other coliforms in strawberries in Kurdistan.
In a cross-sectional study, 150 samples of strawberries including 90 field crops (Traditional), 30 greenhouses and 30 from ready-made packaging supplied in shops in Sanandaj city were investigated. All the samples were tested according to Iranian standard instruction (No. 1194) for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, (No. 5272) total count, (No.9236) coliform counting , and (No.2946) for E.coli counting.
In this study sixteen samples (10.66 %) were contaminated with coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, 30 (20%) with Coliforms, and 21(14%) with E.coli respectively. The ready-made packaging samples were more contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, while farm samples with E.coli.
The results showed that due to use of animal and human fertilizers along with surface water for irrigation the strawberries would be contaminated regardless of type of cultivation. Therefore, proper washing and use of disinfection before consumption are strongly recommended.

The sense of smell gives unexplainable quality to human life. The impairment In this sense will create lot of problems. MRI and SPECT are two way of olfactory evaluation that none of the both is not Gold standard. Bayesian latent class model is the correct way to determine the diagnostic value of these tests.
MRI and SPECT tests performed on 63 patients eligible for the study that went from the beginning of July 2011 to the end of September 2012 to hospital Shahid Rahnemoun. The results ,as maximum likelihood function with prior distribution combines, using Markov chain Monte Carlo in winbugs 1.4.3 software. the median of the posterior distribution presented as the parameter estimates. Both dependent and independent conditional models was compared using criterion DIC.
The sensitivity and specificity of MRI to detect abnormal olfactory ,determined in model conditional depends , 58% and 89% respectively and 73% and 84% for SPECT. positive and negative predictive values were calculated for both the test.Convergence chains and goodness of fit of model using time-series charts and Brook–Gelman–Rubin and Bayesian p-value was confirmed. considering the lower criterion DIC for conditional dependence, this model was determined the best fit to the data.
In Latent Class Model, different results are obtained from the when this model is not used. It is better that both conditional dependent and independent model fitted to the data, and finally were compared.

Intentions: In this study were investigated the similarities and differences between elements of the curriculum of the world's top universities and Iran in health education and health promotion. This study aims to evaluate Health education and Health promotion curriculum in Iran and several countries worldwide.
The research method was descriptive, comparative, and cross- sectional, it was conducted using Brady pattern in 2015. Data were collected using information available on the website of the world's top universities in the field of public health.
The Health education and Health promotion Ph.D. were taught at seven universities among the top hundred universities that were studied: Birmingham, Cincinnati, Emory, Ohio, Florida, Utah, and Arizona. Survey show that course such as basics of epidemiology, behavioral science, statistical methods in health sciences, theoretical and scientific education and health promotion, health problems emerging, proposal writing, promoting health through behavioral sciences, basic determinants of population health, health beliefs in different cultures, qualitative research methods taught in the world's top universities specially. As well as community-based health promotion courses, and internships only taught in Iran.
It seems that subjects such as statistical methods in health sciences and epidemiology principles that are taught in all universities surveyed, should be included in the curriculum of the PhD. In Iran.

Mortality rates in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are higher than the general population. Cardiovascular disease is the most important of natural cause of death in these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia and some of related factors in these patients.
We conducted an analytic cross-sectional study on 200 subjects in two groups: patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and some of related factors were calculated separately for both groups. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for describing data. To compare the averages, we used independent sample t-test. Chi-square test was used for comparing the prevalence of dyslipidemia and related factors in two groups of patients.
The prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder was 57% and 72%, respectively (p . Among the blood lipid abnormalities, low HDL-C was the most prevalent factor in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (54% and 61%, respectively) (p ). Among the factors associated with dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients with prevalence of 38% and abdominal obesity with prevalence of 48% in patients with bipolar disorder were the most common.
The Findings of this study showed the high prevalence of dyslipidemia and its related factors among patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and recalls the necessity of intervention and more attention to these patients.

Puberty as a stage of life is an important developmental process. Puberty health education aims at creating positive behavior change in adolescents and helps them adopt and maintain healthy behaviors. The purpose of this study is to design a puberty health curriculum for secondary girl students in Iran.
A survey method was conducted. The studied population included all university curriculum planners, health experts as well as health professionals in Yazd secondary schools. A census sampling was used and a total of 28 experts was selected. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that its validity and reliability were determined. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using indicators such as central tendency and one-sample t-test.
The results showed that puberty health curriculum has some key components regarding objectives, contents, teaching methods and evaluation methods. In addition, the validity of the designed curriculum was confirmed at %99 level.
As many parents refuse to explain to their children about puberty because of cultural barriers, so school education and curriculum in this area is much more important. In this study, puberty health curriculum for girl students was designed and confirmed and it was suggested as an independent course for secondary education in Iran.

Today, one of the issues that threatens human resources is job burnout. If a person is in such situation, negative changes occur in his/her attitudes, mood, and behavior. Then he/she emotionally fatigued and gradually feels lack of competence in fulfillment of his/her duties Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the rate of job burnout and its related factors in textile industry workers.
This analytical study was conducted on 200 workers of a textile company selected through stratified sampling method. The data collection instrooments consisted of a demographic characteristics questionnaire, and Maslach job burnout standard 22-item questionnaire. After codification, data were analyzed through the SPSS (version 16), descriptive statistics, ANOVA, T-test, and correlation coefficients.
The mean of worker's job burnout was 52.2±24.88 which is placed at the average level of job burnout. In this study, 59 % of workers had low personal competence, 52% suffered from severe emotional exhaustion, and 25% had severe level of depersonalization. Significant correlations were reported between burnout and its dimensions (p= 0.001), as well as between job burnout and education, marital status, work experience, income satisfaction, housing, workplace lighting condition, sounds in workplace, satisfaction from workplace , smoking, and exercise. However, no significant correlation was observed between the number of children and the disease.
Due to the high status of job burnout and its dimensions and their negative effects on worker's performance and mental health, training programs and skill enhancement workshops are recommended. Meanwhile, the company's management is required to pay more attention to worker's demands and attract them to participate in the programs.

The positive effects of milk consumption among young people include increasing bone density, reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes and improving body mass index (BMI). However, less than 40% of 20- 29 year-old young adults often receive daily adequate amounts of milk. This study aimed to determine the role of attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control to predict milk consumption in students of Yazd University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on 385 students of Yazd University of Medical Sciences who were selected by Multi-stage sampling. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire in two sections: demographic information and planned behavior theory constructs which were assessed for validity and reliability. The data analyzed by SPSS18 using descriptive statistics, Spearman Correlation and multivariate regression analysis.
The age range of participants was 18-38 years. From 385 samples participated in the study, 65.2 percent were female and 18.4 percent were male. In this study, attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control could explain 14% of variance of intention (p The theory of planned behavior construct is an appropriate theoretical framework for study of milk consumption behavior among college students and can be used to improve student's health.

The aim of this study is to evaluate marital satisfaction strengthening the family welfare center in Yazd before and after training, life skills were considered.
Based on the available sample of 76 clients referred to the strengthening of family welfare organization completed the questionnaire. Questionnaire before closing life skills training and counseling was done.
Results showed that mean scores of marital satisfaction before and after the training package and there is no significant difference advisers. Between the average scores ofmarital satisfaction before and after training and consulting package in terms of demographic variables, no significant difference was observed but changes before and after the intervention failed to make a significant change.
Specific requirements that clients seem to have divorce in such a way that the impact of life skills training Tghyrmnadary before and after being unable to provide educational level of marital satisfaction.Further studies are required to determine the reasons for the low impact of this intervention.Is this type of problem or have not made the impact of training and consulting programs designed to increase the efficiency of these courses...

Since different populations have different eating habits and chronic diseases, their fat intake instructions vary. The aim of this study was to examine determinants of fat consumption based on health belief model (HBM) on women's in Yazd city in 2015.
This cross-sectional study conducted on women in Yazd. The sample size of 203 women who were covered by health centers were selected randomly in two stages. Data were collected by two questionnaires. The first one was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of: demographic questions and questions related to health belief model constructs, whose validity and reliability were proven. The second questionnaire was a revised version of the 168 item- food frequency questionnaire for the study of Tehran Lipid and Glucose which based on the taste of Yazd people, 10 food items were added. Data analysis was done by using SPSS software using central and spatial indices, Spearman correlation coefficient, linear regression and ANOVA.
The mean score of the HBM constructs including perceived sensitivity, perceived intensity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action and self- efficacy were 4.22±14.93 (range 0-32), 3.07±12.02 (range 0-24), 1.79 ± 17.9 (range 0-28), 5.44 ±18.32 (range0 -32), 1.46±3.06 (range0 -11), 4.93±23.16 (range 0-32), respectively. The average daily dietary fat intake and the amount of received calories were 48.62±97.25 grams and 1156.8±2548.61 (Kcal), respectively. Percentage of solid and liquid oil consumption of all consumed oils were21.92±33.94% and 38.5 ±54.33%, respectively. The cholesterol intake average was 149.33±261.42 mg. Based on Logistic regression analysis, none of the health belief model constructs were a strong predictor of fat intake.
Due to the fact that health belief model constructs did not predict fat consumption behavior, it can be concluded that this pattern was not effective in explaining fat consumption behavior and other models can be used.

Awareness and concern about soil contamination with metals and their effects on the food chain are increasing. Cereal consumption is one of the major sources of metal exposure which soybean may accumulate more toxic metals than other crops.
Three metal elements including Zn, Cd, and Ni were measured in soy products. First, soymilk and soy cheese (tofu) were prepared by common methods, and then the digested samples were analyzed by ICP-OES. The carryover of metals in different methods was determined.
The soymilk prepared by rapid method showed higher Zn content (P According to the results the method of soybean production, soy soaking, the type of clot and the tendency of elements toward different parts of the product can have a significant effect on the amount of transfer and removal of the metals.