مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران
سال بیست و سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 89، تابستان 1396)

Objectives Anxiety is one of the most common disorders in childhood. Some of the treatment approaches in clinical psychology determined the treatment of the anxiety symptoms in the interactional field, and others defined it in cognitive framework. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cognitive behavioral treatment based on anxiety prevention program with parent-child interaction therapy on the anxiety index of pre-school children with parents under methadone maintenance therapy.
Methods This study is based on the combined design of pre-test, post-test and follow-up for six months. It included mothers under methadone maintenance therapy who were referred to two methadone treatment clinics in Tehran. Seventy-five mothers and children were randomly selected and grouped into three groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy, parent-child interaction therapy, and control group (n=25 each group). The treatment protocols were provided in two groups for eight sessions in two weeks, and control group was set in waiting list. The anxiety level of the children was evaluated in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up by Spence Anxiety Scale (responding rate=91%), and data were analyzed using the chi-square, Independent Sample t-test and ANOVA with repeated measure.
Results The results of the study showed that both types of treatment had a significant effect on the anxiety index compared to the control group (P0.65).
Conclusion The findings of the study can be helpful in explaining the causes of the anxiety index in children and planning the preventive interventions.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of emotion regulation strategies of cognitive appraisal and emotional suppression on autonomic nervous reactions based on high and low sensory processing sensitivity among students.
Methods For this purpose, 500 students of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan were selected through a stratified sampling approach. Based on final score distribution (Z Standard) in sensory processing sensitivity scale, 45 of the subjects were chosen for testing the study hypothesis. The participants were studied for autonomic nervous reactions under normal viewing conditions, cognitive appraisal and emotional suppression. To evaluate the results of the study, the collected data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of covariance, univariate covariance and post hoc tests.
Results The results showed significant differences between three groups in the autonomic nervous reactions based on emotion regulation and sensory processing sensitivity. The group with high sensory processing sensitivity gained higher heart rate and systolic blood pressure. In normal viewing, suppression and cognitive appraisal, the diastolic pressure was lower compared to the baseline.
Conclusion The suppression and cognitive appraisal compared to normal viewing was followed by decreased diastolic pressure that represents low levels of heart rate in normal viewing mode compared to the baseline. The use of cognitive appraisal and suppression compared to normal viewing led to increased heart rate. Therefore, cognitive appraisal and suppression as emotion regulation strategies can interact with personality traits associated with sensory processing sensitivity that influences the physiological reactions.

* 3
1- . PhD Student, Research Group of Cognitive Sciences , Alborz Branch, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research
2- PhD in Psychology, Research Group of Cognitive Sciences Alborz Branch, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Alborz Branch
3- PhD in Clinical Psychology, Assistant Professor Research Group of Cognitive Sciences, Alborz Branch, Karaj, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, , E-mail:
Abstract: (1158 Views)
Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the metacognitive factors between individuals with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), dysthymic disorder (Dys), and non-clinical disorders (Normals).
Methods Metacognitive Questionnaire - short form (MCQ-30), Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ), and Anxious Thought Inventory (ATI) were administered to a sample of 120 individuals (OCD-30; GAD-30; Dys-30 and Normals-30).
Results Results of MANOVA and post-hoc comparison revealed significant differences in metacognitive factors between all groups except attention distraction and cognitive confidence. Post-hoc comparisons also showed that OCD patients have significantly higher scores in punishment and reappraisal subscales than GAD and non-clinical groups. Likewise, GAD patients have significantly higher scores in social and health worry than OCD patients and in positive and negative beliefs about worry and need to control subscales than OCD and non-clinical groups. Also Dys group had significantly higher scores in health and social worry than others. In general, nonclinical sample had lower scores in all metacognitive questionnaires, RSQ, and neuroticism.
Conclusion Metacognitive beliefs and strategies could differentiate between diagnostic groups. Also findings support the Self regulatory executive function model of Wells.

Objectives The study aims to investigate the role of cognitive , metacognitive and meta-emotional components in predicting emotional distress in college students.
Methods This is a descriptive correlation study, and the study sample consisted of 400 college students who were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Data were obtained using Emotion Regulation Scale (ERS), Leahy Emotional Schemas Scale (LESS), Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF), Meta Cognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30), Mindful Awareness Assessment Scale (MAAS), and Acceptance and Commitment-II (AAQ-II).
Results Negative emotions like the acceptance and commitment, emotional self-awareness and mindfulness and positive emotions like acceptance of feelings, social isolation/alienation, vulnerability and trying to rationality can explain 42.1% of the inner inefficient emotion regulation methods. Negative emotions like higher values, mindfulness and acceptance of feelings and positive emotions like mistrust/abuse and agreement can explain 27.2% of the external inefficient emotion regulation methods.
Conclusion Levels of acceptance and practice, emotional self-awareness, mindfulness and acceptance of feeling less and social isolation/alienation, trying to rationality and vulnerability are higher as a result of the internal inefficient methods becoming higher. As levels of higher values, mindfulness and acceptance of feeling less and the mistrust/abuse and agreement are higher; as a result, the external inefficient methods becoming higher.

Objectives The aim of this study was to develope and test three competing models for explaining eating disturbance based on Tripartite Influence model.
Methods Two hundred women who had been referred to nutrition clinics and sports clubs in Mashhad participated in this study. They were recruited by stratified random sampling. Eating Attitudes Test, The Perception of Teasing Scale (POTS), Multidimensional Body- Self Relations Questionnaire, and Socio-cultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire were completed by them. Data were tested by path analysis model.
Results Family factor and social comparison directly affect overeating, whereas inhibition of eating has an indirect effect on overeating. Media through comparison and inhibition of eating indirectly affected overeating. Peers did not have any effect on overeating and inhibition of eating. Body image dissatisfaction does not play a mediating role.
Conclusion Tripartite Influence model can be used as an effective model to explain eating disturbance.

Objectives Communication skill is one of the basic skills of human social life that have a profound impact on the success of individuals, organizations, and institutions. This study is conducted to determine the status of communication skills and related factors in staff and health workers of burn and psychiatric hospital in Sari city.
Methods This descriptive-analytical study has been done with a sample size of 409 people, comprising staff and health workers of a burn and psychiatric hospital in Sari city in 2015. In this study, the samples were selected using the census method. Instruments used for the study were demographic data and communication skills questionnaire consisting of skills of understanding message, listening skills, insight to the communication process and certainty in communication that was completed in an interview with hospital staff. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS software version 18 using Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and t-test.
Results Findings of the present study indicate that the mean of communication skills of staff is 154, which is at a desirable level. In this study, it is shown that there is a significant difference in the mean score of communication skills according to work experience variables, education, work location, employment status, and position (PConclusion Based on the findings of the current study, it is recommended that the education level and communication skills of the staff and health workers in hospitals should be increased. To increase these skills, it is necessary to conduct service training. It is also important to provide job security to health workers and staff by reviewing job rules and employment status using rewards and timely encouragements and determining service place of staff regarding their interests and expertise. This can result in significant improvements in communication skills, thereby, raising the satisfaction of staff and clients.

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the confirmatory factor structure and validation of wife abuse Questionnaire in sample women of subclinical.
Methods The study is cross-sectional and Married women’s Mashhad city of formed the study population. Sample size of 671 women was selected by Availability sampling and the Qahari wife abuse Questionnaire with questionnaires Beck depression inventory, Sherer Self-Efficacy Scale and CTS-R questions given to was applied in the sample.
Results The results of confirmatory factor analysis support three factors. The Investigate Criterion validity by Pearson correlation coefficient in the wife abuse Questionnaire with The Beck depression inventory and Sherer Self-efficacy Scale, were between 0.31 and 0.45 and also convergent validity with Revised Conflict Tactics Scale, 60.0 correlation coefficient was obtained than are very satisfactory. A significant difference between the factor of questionnaire wife abuse in the women of divorce and non-divorce showed that the questionnaire has features of validity discrimination. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the Cronbach's alpha for the total questionnaire and factors were between 87.0 and 95.0 that was satisfactory.
Conclusion Therefore, based on the results of this study wife abuse’s Questionnaire has psychometric properties applied for research and family counseling.

Objectives Avoidance is a maladaptive schema that leads to maladaptive coping responses, followed by psychological problems. In this regard, we need a tool that is able to measure Avoidance schema. Also, there is no Persian version for measuring avoidance schema, so we need a tool that be able to measure Young-Rygh Avoidance schema in Iran. Thus, the aim of the present research is to assess the validity, reliability and factor analysis of the Persian version of Avoidance Inventory.
Methods The sample included 382 students of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University who were selected using convenience sampling method. To assess the convergent-divergent validity, the Avoidance Questionnaire, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, Beck Anxiety Questionnaire, and the Young overcompensation inventory.
Results Factor analysis extracted eight factors that explained 54.92 percent of total variance. Internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha is acceptable (0.69-0.83), and time reliability is appropriate (0.72-0.92). Relationship of Avoidance Inventory with anxiety inventory (0.29), depression inventory (-0.21), excessive compensation (0.43) and acceptance and action scale (0.30) shows the convergent-divergent validity.
Conclusion The Persian version of Avoidance Inventory is a reliable and valid tool.