مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران
سال بیست و سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 91، زمستان 1396)

Objectives This study examined the effect of cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy on Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), depression, and disability of patients.
Methods In this article, we present a single subject experimental design with multiple baselines. The subjects of the study were patients with BDD in Sanandaj city. Purposive sampling was used, and after obtaining diagnostic interview and qualifications of the study, subjects underwent the treatment process. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS), Beck Depression Inventory (DBI-II), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) and clinical interview were used as diagnostic tools. Cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy was employed for 15 sessions of one and a half hours and for two sessions per week. For data analysis, we used a single-case analysis using graphs and comparison of mean and median positions.
Results The results showed that participants’ scores in BDD, depression, and disability decreased noticeably. Treatment outcomes were continued up to four months of follow-up period as well.
Conclusion Cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy is effective in improving BDD, depression, and disability of these patients.

Objectives The triple vulnerability model includes three types of vulnerability in terms of emotional disorders: general biological vulnerability, general psychological vulnerability, and disorder-specific psychological vulnerability. Since previous studies have mostly addressed only one of these components, this study was conducted to examine all the three components of the triple vulnerability model at the same time in patients suffering from emotional disorders and normal people.
Methods Using a causal-comparative design, 20 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 20 patients with major depressive disorder, and 20 patients with generalized anxiety disorder were compared with 20 normal people (control group). The data were collected from March to June 2015. The patients and control group were selected through convenience sampling from the people attending private psychotherapy clinics in the city of Urmia and the normal people living in Urmia, respectively. The patients and control groups were matched with each other with regard to some demographic variables. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine the differences between the patients and the control group.
Results Patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depressive disorder were more vulnerable to general biological vulnerability and general psychological vulnerability (P=0.001). With regard to disorder-specific psychological vulnerabilities, a significant difference was found between the patients with generalized anxiety and the control group where patients being more intolerant of uncertainty (P=0.001). We also found that obsessive-compulsive patients had more thought-action fusion and major depressive patients had more dysfunctional attitudes compared with the control group.
Conclusion Because of the significant difference between patients with emotional disorders and control group in terms of the dimensions of the triple vulnerability model, it can be argued that this model could be envisaged as comprehensive and suitable etiological and diagnostic criteria for these patients.

Objectives Test anxiety is the most important problem among students around the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between behavioral procrastination, decisional procrastination and cognitive avoidance with subscales test anxiety in students of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.
Methods This survey study is correlation in form. A sample of 200 students was selected by multi- stage cluster sampling method. General procrastination scale, decisional procrastination scale, cognitive avoidance questionnaire and Fried-Ben test anxiety were used to collect data. In order to analyze data, canonical correlation and multiple regression methods were used. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS-17 software.
Results The canonical analysis showed that the linear combinations of predictor variables were correlated with linear combinations of dependent variables. Regression analysis showed that procrastination behavioral and procrastination decisional significantly predicted social derogation (β=0.238, PConclusion It is argued that universities should pay more attention to the factors that play significant roles in decreasing procrastination and decreasing cognitive avoidance. This is more likely to reduce test anxiety among graduate students.

Objectives This research was conducted with the goal of comparison of executive functions, risk behaviors, and academic motivation among adolescents with chronology type morningness and eveningness.
Methods This is a comparative study in a population of high school students in Isfahan in 2014-15 academic year. Accessible sampling was used as a sampling method in two phases. In the first phase 320 students were selected, and in the second phase, 106 students with different chronology types were chosen as a final sample. The data gathered by using Horne and Östberg’s Morningness-eveningness questionnaire, Mohammadi and his colleagues’ Iranian Adolescents Risk Scale, Abdekhodaee’s Achievement motivation questionnaire, and Wisconsin card sorting test. Independent samples t test and Mann-Whitney U test were employed for analyzing data using SPSS-21.
Results Significant relationship was found between two aspects of executive functions containing preservation error and incorrect answers responses, and chronology types (PConclusion The adolescents with morningness chronology type performed better in executive function and academic motivation in comparison with eveningness type and had lower risky behaviors.

Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between disgust propensity, fear of contamination, and fear of contagion and also to determine the mediating role of fear of contagion in this regard.
Methods This is a correlation study. Study population were students of Shahed University of Tehran. The sample consisted of 391 students who were selected by convenience sampling method and completed looming contamination scale, disgust propensity and sensitivity scale and Padua scale . Data analyzed by SPSS 22 software. The correlation, hierarchical regression based on Baron and Kenny’s method (1987), and Sobel’s Test were used for analysis.
Results results showed that disgust propensity, fear of contagion (β=0.35, PConclusion The fear of contagion is a mediator in the relationship between disgust propensity and fear of contamination. As a result, it seems that this structure is important in explaining the fear of contamination. Therefore if fear of contagion is considered in the evaluation and treatment of fear of contamination, The treartment effectiveness will be increased.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural relationships between behavioral brain systems, disgust sensitivity, and obsessive-compulsive disorder using structural equation modeling. It is assumed that the behavioral brain systems and disgust sensitivity in interaction with each other will lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Despite the prominence of this model, not enough research has been done to assess its experimental.
Methods In a descriptive-correlation study, a sample of 340 students from Tabriz University was selected using cluster sampling method. Participants responded to Inventory system activation / inhibition of behavior (Carver and White, 1994), The Disgust Sensitivity Scale, Obsessive Compulsive Inventory- Revised (OCI-R). Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
Results The evaluation of hypothetical model with fit indexes demonstrated that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (CFI=0.96, NFI=0.94, and RMSEA=0.076). BIS and BAS with standardized coefficients of 0.264 and -0.241, respectively, have a significant effect on obsessive-compulsive disorder by the mediation of disgust sensitivity at the P˂0.05 level.
Conclusion The result, supporting the theoretical model for obsessive-compulsive disorder, proposes a suitable framework for the etiology of the disorder. Accordingly, high sensitivity of BIS and low sensitivity of BAS by the mediation of disgust sensitivity due to an increase in the symptoms of OCD.

Objectives Extreme concern about body shape is the main feature of eating disorders. Eating disorders co-occur with several medical and mental disorders. So a valid and reliable tool will help prevent this disorder and its consequence. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine psychometric properties of the Body Shape Questionnaire C8 (BSQ-C8) in a sample of women with eating disorders.
Methods The main tool of this cross-validation study, i.e. BSQ-C8, was translated to Persian. Then psychometric properties of the scale were studied in a sample of women with eating disorders who were selected by convenient sampling method. Data collecting tools were BSQ-C8, BSQ-34, Body Dysmorphic Meta Cognition Questionnaire (BDMCQ), and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (YBOCS–BDD). To analyze data by SPSS version 16, correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha, split half coefficient, and ROC curve were used.
Results In the sample of women with eating disorders the coefficients of Cronbach's alpha and split-half were 0.79 and 0.74, respectively. Concurrent validity by way of correlation between the scale and BSQ-34, YBOCS–BDD, and BDMCQ were 0.91, 0.59 and 0.58, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and the cut point of this questionnaire were 0.80, 0.67 and 26.5, respectively.
Conclusion BSQ-C8 for assessing body shape dissatisfaction in women with eating disorders has high reliability and good concurrent validity and it is useful for assessing body shape dissatisfaction in clinical and non-clinical research.

Objectives Children’s and adolescents’ coping styles are associated with distress and adjustment. Despite the significance and implications of children’s coping responses, no accepted standard exists to measure children’s coping behavior. The purpose of the present study was standardization and study of the psychometric properties of Children’s Coping Behavior Questionnaire (CCBQ) in Northern Iran (Guilan).
Methods This was a correlation study and was implemented among 10- to 16-year-old students of Guilan. Among statistical population, 300 students (139 girls and 161 boys with an average age of 13.23) were selected using multistage sampling, and they responded to the items in CCBQ. To assess reliability and validity we used Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and convergent validity. The reliability was assessed by using two methods; Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest. The face validity and construct validity of the questionnaire were approved by a professors of psychology.
Results Based on factor analysis using principal components and varimax rotation, final analyses revealed a 41-item coping measure with a 3-factor solution of “diversion”, “ameliorative coping”, and “destructive coping”, which explained more than 60.9% of the total variance. Convergence validity of the questionnaire showed a satisfactory correlation in the total score of CCBQ. To determine concurrent validity with the CCBQ we used State-Trait Anxiety Children Inventory correlations that were satisfactory (PConclusion Our results established that the Children’s Coping Behavior Questionnaire is a reliable and valid method and is capable to be used in Iranian society to investigate emotional problems. Future studies need to be undertaken in a clinical population.