پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 12، پاییز و زمستان 1396)

After some economic, political, social, cultural developments and the formation of a modern society in Iran, women took the responsibility of some social and cultural jobs andso played a significant role in the society from the Pahlavi era to present day. One thing that broadly shows this role is related to the tradition of waqf and mughufat (charitable endowments). The present article, which addresses the charitable endowments of Yazdian women from Pahlavi to the present day, seeks to highlight the extent and importance of Yazdianwomen's role inwaqf within the specified timeframe, and according to the written documents responds to the following questions: in which period the women’s participation in the waqf has been higher? To social class the women belongedand what were their motivation in the charitable donations? Studies show that this role has expanded in the era of the Islamic Revolution, which indicates both the social status and the financial independence of women during this period.

Reviewing the concept and place of physical punishment in educational System of Iran is a neglected issue. This article tries to study the place of physical punishment in traditional educational system of Iran (Maktabkhaneh) and to explainthe causes of doubting in the efficiency of punishments in the process of children education in Iran.
This research claims that from the mid of Naseri era and by the acquaintance of Iranians with the emerging western thoughts, Iranian reformists started to doubt in and criticizephysical punishment and its effectiveness. These criticisms underlined a new education approach in schools. In the new educational approach, physical punishment, though not eliminated,was bannedand replaced with alternative punishments.

‘New political history’ is a conceptual and methodological approach to the field of history, which was shaped by the formation of the science of history in the field of new historiography, and in the second half of the twentieth century it became a general public movement. One of the most common discourses in political history is the difference between ‘new’ and ‘traditional’ political history. Thematic, conceptual, methodological and theoretical discussions can be developed in this regard and can help to define and deepen the studies of ‘new political history’.The data show thatdespite the long history of writing political history texts, the conceptual and methodological framework of political history has not been shaped yet in a general sense, and this negligence has also affected the ‘new political history’. The present study is aimed at introducing an entry in the field of new political history and at finding its horizons. This study has examined the resources on the ‘new political history, in which on canconsider new horizons in the field of political history, such as reviving the meaning and scope of political affairs, cultural and linguistic issues, and their effects on history Politics, and the formation of topics like widespread political participation, public and national identities, the philosophy of modern history and its impact on politics, etc., can be.

One of the important financial resource tax in the tax system of Islam. This type of tax in Egypt, many developments were the prime causes social and political evolution taxes in this period as well as political, social and economic change governors and the financial relationship governors of the Caliphate and also how to impose taxes and obtaining Egypt and other changes in the financial resources of the community have the greatest impact. The consequences of changes in financial resources can be said that these changes will have the greatest impact upon the subjects and citizens left the government and caused riots and protests, some are social.

Allocating financial resources to Lorestan as a region with specific characteristics, the government, in the first Pahlavi period, was attempting to performits desired social, economic, and cultural programs. By a descriptive-analytical method, this paper seeks to examine the distribution of financial credits in Lorestan during the first Pahlavi period. The results show that the distribution of financial credits in the area wasmainly reliedon the army and military commanders who generally used received credits insuch matters as attracting the nomads of Lorestan, paying military officer's salaries, providing military supplies, establishing nomadic schools and building military structures.

The occupation of Iran by the Allies in August 1941 encounters the country with a growing social crisis. Iran came to the scene of Allied intervention in the life of Iranians. The emergence of social anomalies, such as murder, plunder, rape, estate seizure, and property confiscation by foreign military forces in the occupied areas,led the social space of the country to insecurity. Enjoying capitulations during the occupation, the Allies were immune from thepersecution and punishment of the foreign offenders by Iranian government. The decrease ofcentral government influence and the weakness of military and police forces caused the emergence of domestic insurgents and the rebellion of tribes in the south and west of the country. The agriculture economy, industry, internal an international trade were damaged. Agriculture, which was a major part of the country's economy and had been attracted the most labor forces, suffered a decline in production and caused widespread unemployment. Reducing production and increasing demand for public foodstuff due to sending supplies to Soviet Union, the presence of a large number of foreign forces and the arrival of Polish immigrants, caused a shortage of basic items such as wheat in many parts of Iran.