نشریه نقد ادب معاصر عربی
پیاپی 13 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

Time is regarded as a major and basic element in the art of fiction. Therefore, story, in comparison with other literary types, is more dependent on time. In fact, time is the main framework of story in which events develop and different stages of story are identified. One of the components that Gérard Genett, a French structuralist critic, has examined in relation to time is duration of time or narration speed in which the relationship between time of the story and time of the text are considered. This study, a using descriptive-analytic method, tries to examine the speed of narration in the novel of Lamps Glaucoma, by Hanna Mina. Through the novel, it can be found that the novelist has not been able to avoid inconsistency between the time of the story and the time of the text. For this reason, through the events of the novel, from time to time, there is a decrease or an increase in the pace of narration. Employing some techniques, like omission and summarization, has led to a rise in the speed of narration. On the other hand, techniques such as descriptive delay and dialogue have resulted in a decreased speed of narration. Appropriate use of these techniques, however, has made the story beautiful and attractive, prevented the reader from being bored.

The intellectual poems of Farouk Jweideh are the reflection of objections and criticisms raised against unfavorable political and social situations. Given the importance of using a scientific theory for better understanding of literature, this descriptive-analytical study seeks to examine both cognitive and interpersonal poems of Farouk Jweidehon on the basis of Halliday's functional theory. In order to better analyze his combative ideas in poetry, the ‘Ten Odes’ was picked to investigate. The results show that Farouk has drawn upon interpersonal and cognitive roles very well. The abundant uses of news stanzas denote his certainty about the oppression and tyranny against Egyptians exerted by the despotic government. His works owes their artistic value not only to declarative sentences but also to subjunctive statements of high frequency. Also, the poems invariably inject the spirit of defiance into the audience, invites them to revolution. The poet’s confrontation with the outside world, is, however, often real and reactive, and of the six processes, the material process is considered the most frequent one followed by the mental and verbal processes, which are of relatively high frequency.

Wasini Al-Araj, an Algerian contemporary novelist, has used the literary form of novellas a device to represent the problems of subalterns including women. The aim of this study is to check the character of women inhisnovel "Country of butterfly" from the perspective of Gayatri Spivak. Spivak has a postcolonial feministic approach, and she is one of the leading characters in "Subaltern Studies" that introduce homeless people, poor farmers, daily paid laborers, and women as examples of subalterns. However, Spivak focuses on subordinate females. The purpose of "subaltern studies", including Spivak, is to reflect the voice, activity, and mentality of subalterns. This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method. The results indicate that wasini Al-Araj has adopted a reconstructive approach in his novel by giving centrality to women through the narratives of the novel from the perspective of a woman. Also, by granting women agency, social activity, relationships based on logic, choice of spouse, and the ability to see and write, Al-Araj seeks to reconstruct the common subjectivity about women. He has portrayed the gender subordination of women in matters such as forced marriage because of aging, polygamy, men’s right to divorce, loving boys, and so on.

The study of literary works from a morphological viewpoint presents a general pattern for analyzing them. This is because morphology is the science which deals with the form and structure of a work and its influence on the concept of that work. Many scholars have tried to present a comprehensive method on the morphology of stories, such as Claude Bremond, a French linguist and narratologist. The novel ''Return to Haifa'' is one of the known works of Gassan kanafani, who is a Palestinian writer. In this study, the novel is explored and analyzed using Bremond’s method of morphology in three functions of possibility, process and outcome. As it has emerged; the author has created a coherent plot by bringing together different collocated sequences such as simple and compound, consequent, adhesive and conjunctive moods. The results of the research suggest that the Bremond pattern is practiced in this novel, and the writer has noticed narrative elements such as change of conditions, various sequences of order, personality types, giving the right of choice to the hero, and failure of the hero. All this has been done by using possibility, process and outcome.

One of the essential techniques applied by the poets of Palestinian resistance to explain the effects of social, political and cultural aspects of resistance is the use of symbols and signs related to children of war. This feature, as one of the most powerful means of determining the meaning and form of Palestinian resistance poetry, is so blatant in the poetry of Samih al-Qasim. The present study aims to describe and analyze the most prominent signs of Qasim's poetry, such as the names of poems, time, place, and narrative characters. The results show that Samih al-Qasim's poems are written about children not for children, and the most frequently used signs are those of time such as childhood and lost time, return to the birthplace, places such as Qods, school, homeland and prison, as well as general and specific characters such as father, mother, child martyr and the occupation. In his general approach to the children of war, contingency of sadness and despair with resistance is evident. This attitude has led to repeated occurrence of tragic resistance in the contents of his poems.

At the end of the 18th century, following the Napoleonic invasion, Egypt got familiar with modern European civilization. This familiarity paved the way for the confrontation of "tradition" and "modernity". The reflection of social, political and cultural developments of this confrontation can be observed in Egypt's modern fiction. Naguib Mahfouz’sQasr El-Shauqis a story that can be scanned for the consequences of the struggle between tradition and modernity. Conflict of patriarchy and women's rights in the society, crisis of identity and intellectualperplexity, orientation to the West, freedom and conflict of science and religionare the consequences that are addressed in this study. Kamaal’s spiritual contradictions, that appearas a contrast betweenthe middle class and the aristocracy, wisdom and love, the real world and ideas, as well as European science and Islam, are the result of opposition of tyranny and colonialism in Egypt. Moral perversion and nihilism are the negative consequences of this opposition in the life of intellectuals. Orientation to the West postulates Kamaal in a limbo between tradition and modernity. European science seeks to replace traditional religious ideas, and it has partly succeeded. Enhancement of freedom and women's rights is the positive result of modernity in Qasr El-Shauq versusBayn El-qasrain.

One of the myths associated with the meaning of resurrection and rebirth is the Egyptian myth of Osiris. It has a prominent presence in contemporary Arabic poetry, and a massive bulk of poetry has been dedicated to it. The Palestinian poet Samih al-Qasim (1939-2014) is among those who have shown interest in three stages to this myth that are adaptable to the triple stages ofthe journey of the sole hero that is the myth model of Joseph Compbell, the famous American theoretician. The three stages that the poet is inspired byin the mentioned myth are manifested in three the poems of "Over the Emperor Fortress", "Hvaryh Alar" and "Osiris aljadidi". These stages are consistent with thethree stages of "departure", "initiation" and "return". In the light of this recognition and using a descriptive-analytic method, this study seeks to examine and analyze the mythical character of Osiris, the way it is applied by the poet, and his adherence to the corresponding model. It is concluded that Samih al-Qasim is a poet committed to his motherland, who has recreated the myth of Osiris with a symbolic expression by considering his own specials outlooks and the needs of the contemporary society.

Motif, as one of the most frequent terms in contemporary literary criticism, refers to the systematic and musical repetition of some structures such as sentences, phrases, words, and phrases which shape up the content and style of a text. In narrative texts, understanding the motif helps to understand the text nature, and using a motif is a way of creating coherence in the text. This study aims at the motif of "Land" and its functions in the novel "War in the Land of Egypt" by the Egyptian novelist "Joseph Qyd". The results show that this motifis usedin an organized form in all parts of the novel. It is also found that the perspective of the original narrator is tied to the motif, and every narratorprovides his own perspective on the issue of land. Thesevarious ideas revolve around one point, namely the vital significance of land for the novel characters.

A new approach in literary studies that has attracted the attention of many critics and researchers is semiotics, or the analysis of signs and codes in literary texts. Semiotics is applied to the study of different sign systems such as languages, images and symbolic situations. Codes are one of the fundamental concepts of semiotics that serve as a framework within which signs find a meaning. Since literature is in close relationship with human sciences, literary critics have had the benefits of semiotic methods in interpretation of texts. Semiotic research of codes has not been done on Arabic poems. Therefore, due to the necessity in this regard, the present study, which is qualitative and descriptive in nature, uses library resources to aim at the semiotics language codes of the poem "Odat Sinbad" and to explore the degree of correspondence between those codes and the poet’s living conditions as well as their role in the cohesion of his poems. It is found that the poet’s psychological character is embodied in the linguistic and mythical codes of the narrative writing. In addition, the literary entity of the poem is indebted to its aesthetic codes.

The novel “Woman at Point Zero” by Nawal El Saadawi, an Egyptian psychiatrist and prolific literary and political writer, narrates the failures and humilities which have afflicted the protagonist of the novel at the micro level of the narration and at the macro level of the contemporary Egyptian society. The present study aims to analyze and investigate one of the most important motifs and themes of “Alfred Adler’s individual psychology”, i.e. inferiority complex, in exploration of the labyrinth of the protagonist. It answers the main research questions including ‘what are the most important factors affecting the formation of inferiority complex? ’and ‘how is this complex reflected in the manners and behaviors of “Ferdows” ?’.The findings of the research indicate that, considering the role of childhood and social relationships of the protagonist, the severity of his inferiority is caused by negligence of the child and his deprivation of affection and education. This has moved him not toward superiority but toward inferiority, lack of motivation for compensation, and finally suicide.