فصلنامه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک
پیاپی 27 (بهار 1396)

This article attempts to analysis the development challenges in Iran’s rural spaces. This is based on production of space Trialectic theory and at the end this is linked with future studies. In order to understand rural spaces, we have to use Lefebvre Trialectic concept of shape which explains three “moments”, Special practice, Representation of space and Space of representation. (spatial form, outer flows, rational actions and lived experiences reflected). These moments are able to approve and predict the newlyrepresented patterns in rurals. Analysing components of Lefebvre production of space theory and thinking of how they impact on rural spaces are already stated in discourses (urban emphasized). This is evident enough that rural spaces are abandoned in Iran. However now, the future of rural spaces are dealing with difficult problems more than ever. Although we have approached so many problems in rural development challenges, we can normally say that rural spaces are effected by profound changes (according to compress space and time), which have created a numerous achievement in social combination and physical-spatial. Undoubtedly, this are all related to the future, in which increases insecurity and resists discovery and appearance. Therefore, future studies method have caused a great possibility to create a desired access. In spite of having a wide variety of methods, but a certain one named “Scenario method” is used. By getting benefits of that, realistic and possible ones are formulated.

The aim of this paper is assessing the theory of the erg stabilization in space and area. Accordingly, the study areas concluded all of the Ergs in Iran which have been evaluated using Landsat satellite images and remote sensing techniques. We have compared the area and borders of ergs for duration of 1973 to 2016.the results show that Ergs did not have any significant displacement during the study period. They are stabilized, with an area of over 35906 square kilometers in 1973 and so they have retained in their initial dimensions for 2016 (35173.5 km2).based on our analysis, the formation and transformation of Ergs are controlled by local winds which they mostly are the prevailing phenomena during the warm seasons . There are no local winds in the winters and ERGS spend a colder, wetter and quiescence duration. However the ergs not only have been stable during the study period but also our results revealed an expansion in salt land and playa surfaces around the ergs from 1973 to 2016. In addition, We found out no significant changes in the morphology of the edges Ergs. The study of subtraction of 19 large Ergs in Iran specified that more than 68% of Ergs spread on wet salt land and dry desert surfaces, 11% on the platform masses (Rige Lut and Gen), and 21% on other areas such as alluvial plains. Also results show that for preventing damage to the sand dunes dynamic, it is necessary to control the active Barchan in the transport routes.

The aim of study is to survey the sustainability of Mashhad based on the Corridor and Transit–Oriented, Rail-Centered development approach. The research method is descriptive-analytical, to collect the data has been used library and field studies and available databases in GIS. The intended statistical population are those who are living within eight-hundred-meter radius of four areas around light-rail stations that 319 people was selected as sample. The research Indicators include: Mixed land use degree, population density and growth rate, access to transit stations, commute patterns, and environmental effects of transportation. The results indicates in most station areas, the conquest is with average mixed land use and population density has far distance with desired sustainability. Also, over 60 percent of business trips are taken just outside of living area and cause using the motorized vehicles (especially car, bus and Taxi). Studies show that the total per capita of carbo production is 0.0011 ton and in this district, total per capita of ecological footprint is 5.89 and its minimum is related to light rail (0.0026 square meter). According dominate the auto-oriented city pattern in Mashhad, redevelopment of land and transport based on the Corridor and Transit–Oriented, Rail-Centered development pattern can be an important step towards achieving sustainable development and improving the urban environment quality.

Socio-economic impacts of small damsthatCompliance with economic geography geographical, climatic and economic rural complianceless attention has been programmed and researchers.This paper investigates the social and economic consequences of the Kamiz dam in a rural area of Sabzevar city. For this through a survey and using questionnaire,the answer to question 34 complete and 146 questionnaire a sample of inhabitants Kamiz village was interviewed randomly. Findings show that respondents, satisfaction with the dam establishment is higher than average. Furthermore there are significant and positive relationships between income, education and number of vehicles of respondents with dependent variable- satisfaction with dam establishment. However there is no significant relationship between productivity per hectare as well as amount of dam water used by respondent with satisfaction variable. In sum this study shows that the dam has increased the income of residents, developed agriculture of village but has not declined the process of migration from the village.

Sabzevar city has a dry and cold climate and hot summers. Not a long time ago, in this city, the agricultural and drinkable water was gained from aqueducts. Aqueduct is one of the oldest and the most economic ways of the extraction of ground water in Iran. Within the city limits, there are 12 aqueducts named: Afzal-Abaad, Haaj-Abbas, Fath-Abaad, Haaj-Molla, Jafar-Abaad, Neqabashk, Saaleh-Abaad, Sanjar-Abaad, AAqasi, Kolah-Farangi, Amid-Abbad and Qasbeh, from which 8 aqueducts are located in the central and historic area of the city. In the last decades, urban development, drilling deep wells to provide drinkable water and continued droughts, little by little have made these aqueducts dried and arid.
In the 1370's due to physical development of the city and creating new neighborhoods to the old texture of the city, creating sewage network system, the Water and Sewage Company blocked some of these aqueducts, but on the other hand, also some of the citizens used these aqueducts instead of the sewage network. Nowadays, regarding the depth of the aqueducts and the soil type which is impenetrable in some areas of the city, water is gathered in the deep layers of earth and has caused the water lever to increase from 18m in the 1350's t 4 m at the present. This situation has made some problems for urban development and urban planning, considering population increase and the need to construct modern and high buildings. This issue especially in deep drillings and high densities, has increased the imposed load on the abandoned aqueducts beneath the city and subsequently causing and sometimes fatalities.
In the present study, it's tried to investigate the danger of land subsidence in Sabzevar city especially in the central and old areas of the city. For doing this, using 1:50000 Topographic maps of the mapping organization, the position of string and cylinder of the aqueducts are determined, then using the master plan of the city with the scale of 1:10000 approved in 1389, different urban land use of the city and its conformity to the map of the aqueduct routs are investigated. Finally using ARCGIS software layers of each land use with a 15 m sanctuary on the aqueduct routs and arena map of the aqueduct risks are provided.

Climatic design a suitable method to create location a variety of structures and immunization. Human comfort conditions combined with the reduction in overall energy cost and it is important in all kinds of weather. The aim of this study is optimized for building deployment in Kashan city.The city most days of the year, is hot and dry and it is necessary to determine the best direction to protect the building from the sun in hot times and also Cold when the sun was enjoyed. In this study, the amount of solar energy that falls on the vertical surfaces of buildings as real and theoretical with computational methods law of cosines (Stevenson) have been. For separation of cold and warm periods using hourly temperature of Arbz (Erbs) is used. The results showed that the most ideal way for the main facade of the building in the direction that the minimum energy when heating and when cooling is the most energy intake. Accordingly, the direction of 180 degrees or south to get 56.2 percent of the calories in cold cases and received 43.8 percent of the total heating energy in an appropriate direction to appear. Suitable direction double-sided buildings On the north - south. Because when warm 43.7% of the energy it receives and also in cold cases The greatest amount of energy received 56.21 percent. Best direction of a four sided suitable for buildings, especially apartment complexes and -30 direction and -120 and is 150. Because when the heating value of 57.90% and 42.10% of the energy received in the cold cases.

With decreasing of fresh water availability via population growth, collection and re-use of urban runoff as a non-drinking water source was suggested for the development of the cities located in dry area. But, non-point polluting sources in urban areas should affect the quality of urban runoff . A direct relationship was observed between rainfall characteristics and the amount of contaminants in urban runoff. Primary runoff contain the greatest amount of the pollution. Disposal of primary runoff (first flash) according to rainfall condition can significantly mitigate urban runoff pollutions problems. In this study, the relationship between rainfall characteristics and discharge with urban runoff quality was investigated in an urban area. For this propose, 9 factors of water quality was investigate annually, seasonally and also for 25 individual rainfalls event. Statistical relationship between rainfall characteristics and urban runoff quality parameters was analyzed via Pearson analysis method. According to results, total dissolved solid (TDS) of runoff deceased with increasing of rainfall. A significant relationship was observed between rainfall intensity, EC and TDS of runoff (R2 = 0.56, and 0.68 respectively), while an inverse relationship was observed between rainfall duration and runoff quality (R2 = -0.543). The most seasonally change in groundwater was happened in the spring and winter.