نشریه اقتصاد و الگوسازی
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1395)

It has been discussed that the expansion of the financial sector has complicated the management of macroeconomic policies so that the analysis and the management of business cycles would not be sufficient without considering the interactions of the financial and real sectors, mainly due to the effects of financial stances on the transmission mechanisms of the economic policies. In order to evaluate the linkages between business and financial cycles in Iran’s economy, we built a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model within the new Keynesians framework which incorporates banking system, and in particular the distinguished characteristics of Iranian banking system such as high rate of NPLs and considerable share of fixed assets in its balance sheet are taken into account. By calibrating the parameters, the simulated moments of the model fits that of real data of Iran’s economy during 1369-1393 (AH). We find that the technological shocks effect the financial cycles. Moreover, the balance sheet of banks has a major role in explaining the macroeconomic fluctuations. In this regard the effects of frozen banking assets on the economic cycles are greater than those of NPLs. Therefore, it is highly suggested that the central bank puts a higher priority to decrease the fixed assets of banking system while perusing the reduction of NPLs.

Expenditure pattern is how to combine various expenditure to form a certain level of household consumption level. After optimization of current and future consumption, household chooses combination of expenditure that maximizes current and future welfare together. In this research we examine the effects of implementation of Subsidy Targeting plan on the Iranian urban household’s expenditure pattern within years 2004-2013 using panel-data method.
The results show that in urban segment, targeted subsidies had a significant impact on 9 of the 14 expenditure groups. Among the 5 groups share of meaning food, transportation, cultural and entertainment, hotel and restaurants other goods and services expenditures have increased. Whereas, share of 4 groups health care, communications, education and investment expenditures have reduced. Therefore it could be argued that targeted subsidies plan implementation through changes in the composition of expenditures had a significant impact on the expenditures pattern in urban segment.

Given the increasing importance of the influence of culture and socio-cultural factors on economic issues, in this study, using the method of least squares panel data and clustering analysis, the impact of these factors on economic growth of provinces in the years 2009-2012 are investigated. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between literacy rates and per capita real income, also the negative relationship between unemployment and poverty rates with per capita real income. Finally, dividing Iranian provinces into three groups, and computing HDI index, the rankings of provinces and the trend of their changes for different time periods are evaluated.

As compared to worlds Energy consumption data for Iran’s economy shows that in Iran, energy is not used optimally indexes. Increasing energy price is said to be a solution to this problem. But for this solution to work, one crucial condition is that in production process, firms have the ability to substitute energy with other factors. Otherwise, instead of substitution between energy and other inputs (i.e. capital and labor) price increase would occur (inflation). So estimating elasticity of substitution between energy input and capital or labor is very important. In this line, we have specified and estimated a production function for Iran’s economy with constant elasticity of substitution (CES). As in its primary forms, CES production function allows only for two inputs, we have introduced a compound input to have three inputs in our production function. Our estimation, using non-linear methods, showes that in Iran, elasticity of substitution between energy with labor or capital is low, and production technology doesn’t allow firm to substitute energy with other inputs. We can conclude that energy price increase in the short run would lead to inflation and lowers in production level, instead of improving energy usage.

According to the economics of transaction cost, trades in markets include side costs and philosophy of forming entities is minimizing these costs. Many studies have been conducted in developing countries suggesting that high transaction costs in credit market and this reduces the efficiency of credit institutions in financial markets. This study in first stage, describes the transaction costs imposed on credit institutions­ and the factors affecting them from the traditional model of transaction cost economics and also introduced the "relationship lending with the customers" as a variable that points to reduce the information asymmetry between the borrower and the credit institute. The impact of these variables on the Williamson model will be examined. This study methodology is based on discussion from the experts, questionnaire and neural network model for data collection and analysis. Credit institutes under this study have been collected as a random sample from banks in Tehran .These banks had been authorized by central bank of Iran till March 2012. The results shows that with the introduction of the independent variable "lending relationships" the effect of the independent variables "investment in specific assets", "special collaterals", "degree of uncertainty for the credit institute" and "difficulty in measuring employee performance" on variable of transaction costs of lending will be reduced.

In order to estimate the demand and supply functions of water, this study has used system of simultaneous equations for the period 2001-2012. Hence, real and nominal marginal price of the industry and mining demand was estimated 6532.45 and 12072.2 Rials. Also based on agricultural water demand real and nominal marginal price was estimated 977.21 and 1698.442 Rials. The result of economic value of water in different sections relatively showed that real and nominal economic value of per m3 in residential sector are 4462.34 and 8430.3, in agricultural sector are 620.399 and 1099.813, in industrial and mining sector are 4110.54 and 7727.08, in recreational sector is 1146.38 and finally in environmental sector is 596.739 Rials. This study design a matching based on the long-run supply and aggregate demand equilibrium, marginal prices and economic water value in different sections with use of mechanism design and two sided matching theory. Mechanism based on Gale- Shapley or deferred acceptance algorithm was solved.