مجله به زراعی کشاورزی
سال نوزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1396)

20 MM. The results showed that the effects of drought stress decreased the total chlorophyll traits, the cartenoid, the root dry weight, and the shoot dry weight In comparison to the control to 0/29,9/39, 5/50, 0/43,orderly.On the other hand, it increases the proline and the root length orderly for each one: %26/44, %62/26 in compare with the control. The ascorbic acid spraying tncreased the amount of photosyntetic pigments, the shoot length, the root weight and the shoot weight. The results of the simple correlation coefficients of the traits showed the significant and positive relationship between the vulgaris thymus performance (the shoot dry weight) and the other studying traits in three conditions of severe drought stress, the ascorbic acid spraying with the density level of 20 MM and the control. In the following, by analyzing the factors, 10 variables would be defined for molar in 4 factors and totally they would justify %98 and %95 of the data changes. In general, the result of this research, introduced the photosynthetic pigments and the shoot length as crucial factors in relation with the performance (the shoot dry weight) and this can be beneficial in the medicinal plants development with a high performance and with more active material as the basic goal in Medicinal Plant Breeding .

In order to evaluate the effects of the replacing vermicompost and perlite as casing soil instead of peat on growth and yield of the mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Kosar mushroom farm in winter, 2015. Ten treatments in different ratios (volume percentage) of perlite: vermicompost: peat including T1 (0: 0: 100) T2: (0: 25: 75) T3: (12.5: 12.5: 75) T4: (16.7: 33.3: 50) T5 (25: 25: 50) T6: (18.5: 56.5: 25) T7 (25: 50: 25) T8: (37.5: 37.5: 25) T9: (33.3: 0: 66.7) T10 (50: 50: 0) were used. The maximum yield was obtained with T3 treatment with the average of 14.72 kg /m2 and the minimum yield was observed in T10 treatment with 9.43 kg/m2. The maximum and minimum number of harvested mushrooms was observed in treatment of T3 with 547 numbers and the treatment of T10 with the number of 244.67, respectively. For cap diameter, the treatment of T10 with an average of 5.9 cm had the maximum and the treatment of T9 with an average of 4.8 cm had the minimum cap diameter. For the average weight of individual mushroom, treatments of T10 and T3 with the average of 38 and 26 gram had the maximum and minimum weight of each mushroom, respectively. The results showed that T3 soil casing combination (12.5: 12.5: 75) can be replaced for peat.

Oxidative stress is one of the most important consequences of drought stress. Salicylic acid is a phenolic compound which serves as a growth regulator in the induction of resistance to drought. In order to investigate the role of salicylic acid on some Anti-oxidant Enzymes and some biochemical attributes of medicinal pumpkin under drought stress, an experiment was designed 2014 in Zanjan University’s Research Farm. The study was arranged as factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications including drought stress at four level; control, mild stress, moderate stress, and severe stress have been arranged in four levels including (100, 85,70 and 55%FC). Salicylic acid treatments included Salicylic acid were applied as foliar application spray in 4 levels: zero mg/l (solution spray with distilled water), 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/l. Measured traits that included peroxidase, catalase, Beta-sitosterol and oil yield proline, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (membrane peroxidation index) content. The results showed that increasing drought stress levels reduced the oil yield, but in contrast, increased the Beta-sitosterol, membrane peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, anti-oxidant enzymes such as catalase and peroxidase, while application of salicylic acid at 0.5 and 1 mg/l decreased oxidative stress, membrane peroxidation and Electrolyte leakage through increasing the anti-oxidant enzymes activities such as catalase and peroxidase and proline which led to a balanced rise in oil yield and Beta-sitosterol in mild and moderated stress. These results shows an increase in plant resistance to drought as a result of salicylic acid application.

In order to assessment the relationship between traits affecting yield of garden cress, an experiment was conducted in lattice square design with three replications in Eyvanekey Jihad Farm in 2016. The ANOVA showed that the difference among accessions was significant for all traits. There was a significant phenotypic correlation between yield and most of the traits. The highest value of phenotypic correlation was obtained between leaf height and leaf width (0.92). The regression analysis showed that the highest effect on the yield was due to leaf height and numbers of seeds per silique of lateral branches and main axis, as these three traits were about 93 percent of total yield changes and leaf height was the first trait that entered to the model and explained 91 percent of the variation. The path analysis of phenotypic correlation showed that the leaf height had the greatest direct effects on the yield (6.81). Leaf length, In addition to the direct effect on yield, through the rest of the traits has a positive indirect impact. In factor analysis, 3 independent factors explained about 70 percent of the yield variation. The first factor consists of number of silique per plant, number of seeds per silique of lateral branches and main axis has named seed factors. The purpose of this study was detection of phenotype correlation between yield and yield components, estimation of direct and indirect effects of yield components on yield and its part in diversity justification.

Secondary seed dormancy is announced as the major reason for seed persistence of canola (Brassica napus L). Volunteer’s rapeseeds emerging from the soil seed bank can lead to unwanted gene dispersal to other plants after breaking secondary seed dormancy. In this study, with using poly ethylene glycol 6000, secondary dormancy was induced in 41 lines and 5 cultivars of canola under laboratory condition during 14 days and secondary seed dormancy recorded. This study was conducted in a randomized complete design. High germination percentage was shown in all lines and cultivars (higher than 94 percent), although categorized on five group included very low, low, medium, high and very high after secondary dormancy with using cluster analysis. Among different lines, five and two genotypes were placed in very low and very high groups, respectively. Most of lines were placed in average and low groups. It was observed that 5 varieties (RGS003, Zarfam, Hyola401, Hyola308 and Hyola50) had average secondary dormancy (40-60 percentage) that was related to breeding ignorance about secondary dormancy during seed production process. Lines classification based on different levels of secondary dormancy helps seed producers to select lines with low levels of it along with seed yield and other characteristics in order to deal with problems in seed producing process.

Crop Simulation Models are advanced tools to estimate crop yield and optimizing of crop management practices. This study was conducted in order to evaluate DSSAT model under autumn cropping system condition in Jiroft, Iran, 2012 - 2014. The field experiment which repeated in two sequential years and three replications was performed with randomized complete block design in split plot. The main factor was planting date (17th, 23th, 29th September and 5th October) and its sub factor was potato cultivars (Sante, Satina and Boren). Data of first and second years of field experiment was applied respectively for calibration and evaluation of model. Data-base requirement for model was created from 1-climatic data includes: temperature, radiation, relative humidity, wind and precipitation, 2-crop data attained from field experiment, 3-soil data. Results of statistical evaluation of model showed the good fitness of yield simulated value and its actual value. In most cases, simulated tuber yield were similar to observed tuber production with a root mean square of 19% (1210 kg/ha). The R square index showed high correlation between observed and simulated value (Rsqr > 0.9). Simulated biomass had 2673.5 kg/ha difference to its observed value that was low precision estimation (RMSE > 30%). This model couldn’t predict tuber initiation stage correctly (RMSE > 30%). It was concluded however DSSAT model predicted potato yield but because of low precision in simulation of phonological stage and biomass value could not be used in autumn cropping system of potato.

Cinnamon essential oil has been used for centuries to protect food from microbiological infection and in the last ten years cinnamon essential oil is also incorporated into food packaging materials as antimicrobial agent. The Main objective of the present study was to determine the antifungal activity of cinnamon essential oil against Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium digitatum fungi isolated from grapes, tomato, and orange. Cinnamon Essential oil was extracted by the Clevenger-type apparatus and identification and amount of the essential oil was performed by using chromatography–mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Analysis of the total essential oil content showed that cinnamaldehyde (89.51%), cinnamyl acetate (4.56%), cinnamaldehyde (p-methoxy) (0.97%) and cubebene (0.29%) were the major constituents. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cinnamon oil against B.cinerea, A. niger and P. digitatum were 200 µl/l and minimum fungicidal concentrations were 400 µl/l for three pathogens. The antifungal activity of cinnamon oil against A. niger and B.cinerea was stronger than that against P. digitatum in MIC concentration and the activity was improved with increasing its concentration. In vivo study, the fungi in the vicinity of concentration 600 µl/l of cinnamon essential oil grown in fruits—11.53% for strawbery, 7.30% for tomato and 10.10% for orange. These results revealed that cinnamon essential oil has a good potential to be as a natural antifungal agent for control postharvest fruit and vegetables disease.

Identification of cultivars with tolerance to water stress has important for crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. In order to, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with two factors of 20 genotypes of canola and 5 water potentials of 0, -0.15, -0.3, -0.5, and -0.8 MPa in 4 replications in Seed Technology laboratory of College of Aburaihan, during 2015-16. Seed germination of different genotypes was recorded twice in a day for each water potential at 20 oC. Thereafter, Hydrotime model was fitted to time course germination. Results indicated that Karaj1 and Opera had the lowest value of base water potential with -1.23 and -1.2 (MPa) and they were the most tolerant genotypes to drought. Genotypes of 203 and Likord had the highest value of base water potential with -0.27 and -0.22 and the most sensitive genotypes to water stress. The lowest hydrotime constant belonged to Zarfam and Talaye with 22.67 and 23.73 MPa-hours and the highest hydrotime constant belonged to 389 and Opera with 50.93 and 48.07 MPa-hours. The base water potential with 95 % had the highest broad sense heritability. Using this information it is possible to identifying genotypes with higher efficiency and more tolerate to water stress in future breeding programs to breed new genotypes with tolerance to water stress.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen rates and nitroxin inoculation levels on quantitative traits of borage, a field experiment was conducted as split plots arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during growing season 2011-2012. Treatments consisted of four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and three nitroxin amounts (0, 0.5 L/ha Seed inoculation and 0.5 L/ha as foliar application) which were allocated to main plots and sub plots, respectively. Result indicated that the treatments had significant effects on plant height, Stem height, number of leaf, number of flowers per plant, number of branches, yield of inflorescence and total dry yield of borage. The highest plant traits were related to by using 100kg/ha nitrogen seed inoculation, and the lowest value was achieved control. There was a significant interaction between nitrogen and nitroxin due to most traits. The highest inflorescence yield (1168.11 kg/ha) and yield of plant (9294.01 kg/ha) were achieved by using100kg/ha nitrogen Seed inoculation,which was 50 percent higher than the control.

To study the effects of mycorrhiza, organic and chemical fertilizers on growth of tobacco plant, an experiment was carried out as split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Marivan during 2014- 2015. The main factor was two levels of inoculation by mycorrhiza including: no inoclution and inoclution by mycorrhiza (Glumus inter-aradices) and subplots were organic and chemical fertilizers in 5 levels as, control (distilled water), fulvic acid, seaweed ex-tract (Ascophyllum nodosum), urea and fulvic acid seaweed extract urea. The results showed that the studied characters were not affected significantly by mycorrihza. Also the results of foliar application of fertilizers were showed that the most characters were affected significantly. Mean comparison of lower part of leaves weight showed that maximum leaf fresh weight in hectare and leaf dry weight in hectare was obtained by foliar application of seaweed extract. The maximum val-ue of leaf length was achieved in fulvic acid and urea treatments. Mean comparison of middle part of leaves weight showed that the maximum value of leaf fresh weight in hectare by was obtained by seaweed extract, and the maximum leaf dry in hectare were achieved by fulvic acid and distilled water (control) treatments. In upper part of leaves weight showed the maximum value of leaf fresh weight in hectare and income were obtained by fulvic acid. In this experiment, the highest income was achieved by fulvic acid spraying treatment and following by seaweed extract and fulvic acid sea-weed extract urea.

The effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) vapor treatment on antioxidant enzymes activities and vase life of gerbera cut flower was investigated in this experiment. This research was conducted as a split-plot experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at the laboratory of the postharvest physiology, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University in 2013. Gerbera flowers were harvested at early morning from a commercial greenhouse and cut flower stems were put in a preservative solution containing 200 mg/L 8- hydroxyquinoline sulfate and sucrose 3 percent, exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 µlL−1 MeJA with 20 µlL−1 ethanol and control for 24 h. The results showed that MeJA significantly increased vase life and improved postharvest characteristics of cut gerbera flowers. MeJA 0.2 µlL−1 treatment extended the vase life to 15.67 days, compared to the control and ethanol treatments. Minimum of petal wilting symptoms were revealed in samples treated with MeJA. The lowest malondialdehyde and lipid peroxidation rates were also observed in MeJA treatments that they had a significant difference with ethanol and control. MeJA treatments resulted in increasing antioxidant enzymes activity and protein content compared with ethanol or control.

Low temperature stress is one of the most important abiotic environmental stresses that affect the growth and yield of ornamental plants. In order to investigate of some physiological and biochemical indices of four varieties of ornamental citrus used in urban landscapes under low temperature stress conditions, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center of Ramsar in 2015. Treatments were included the temperature with four levels (3, 0, -3 and -6˚C) and four varieties of ornamental citrus including (Kumquat, Fingered citron, Calamondin and Limequat). Results showed that amounts of electrolyte leakage, water soaking, prolin content, antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity were increased significantly by reducing of temperature, while chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll contents were decreased. Accordingly, the lowest leaf water soaking (20.92 Percent) and electrolyte leakage (30.81 Percent) amount, which are destructive indices, were showed in kamquate. Also total chlorophyll amount (2.21mgr/grFW), antioxidant capacity (60.61 Percent) and superoxide dismutase activity (26.53 IU/gr FW) that are tolerability indices were more evident in this variety. In general, Kumquat could tolerate the freezing stress up to -3°C by increasing of some indices such as proline, soluble sugars, antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity.

In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and foliar spray of Megafol on yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency (WUE) of tomto cv. Rio Grande, an experiment was carried out in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015. Treatments consisted arrangement of three irrigation levels (starting irrigation at 100, 75 and 50% ETc) and 4 levels of Megafol (0, 1, 2 and 3 ml/L). The results showed that water deficit stress had significant effects on yield, fruit quality and WUE. Megafol treatment showed significant effects on yield, fruit firmness, fruit lycopene and WUE. The highest total soluble solids (2.41 %) and titratable acidity (TA) (2.09) was found at 50% ETc treatmen. Foliar application of 2 ml/L megafol was showed the highest value of TSS (2.29 %), TA (1.97%), lycopene (0.83 g/l), fruit per plant (37.94), fruit weight (59.32 gr) and WUE (21.78 kg/m3). Irrigation × foliar treatments interactions had significant effect on plant yield, fruits per plant and TA. Maximum fruit number (51.73) and plant yield (3278.43) was obtained with Megafol 2 ml/L under irrigation 100% ETc treatment. Also the highest TA was achieved in Megafol 1 ml/L under irrigation 50% ETc. According to the results, foliar application of Megafol 2 ml/l improved fruit yield under normal irrigation and deficit water stress and resulted in 16% inceease in WUE. 75% ETC treatment with reducing 16% of fruit yield, saved 25% of water as compared to 100% ETc treatment.

To decrease the use of chemical fertilizers and improving the yield and yield components of sunflower, a field experiment was conducted at the Reserch Farm of Tarbiat Modares University in 2014 and 2105. Three irrigation regimes (irrigation after depleting 40, 60 and 80 percent of soil water at field capacity (FC)), three soil fertility systems (100 percent farmyard manure (35 percent chicken manure 65 percent sheep manure), 50 percent farmyard manure 50 percent chemical fertilizer and 100 percent chemical fertilizer (urea)) and three zeolite rates (0, 5 and 10 ton ha-1) were studied in a split factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications, with irrigation regimes as the main plots, and factorial combination of the other two factors as the subplots. Over two experimental years, there were significant increases in grain yield and water use efficiency by applying either 100 percent farmyard manure (28.2 .6 ton sheep chicken manure ha-1, respectively) or integrated fertilizer (14.1 7.3 ton sheep chicken manure ha-1, respectively plus 65 kg urea ha-1) with 5 or 10 ton zeolite ha-1 under all irigation treatments. Based on the results, irrigation after depleting 40 percent of soil water at FC was revealed as most performance of all treatment combinations. The highest oil and protein concentrations of grain were obtained with zeolite application under non-stress conditions. Chemical fertilizer application increased grain protein concentration, while organic manure increased grain oil concentration.

One of the main problems of soybean production in the east region of Golestan, Iran province is considerable difference between actual yield and attainable yield which is called yield gap. In recent years, this gap has been impressive, and therefore, identifying soybean yield-limiting factors are essentially needed. The present study was conducted based on CPA method in 73 fields of Kalaleh )Golestan, Iran) in 2016. In this study all information related about management practices, soil characteristics and farmer socio- economic status were measured and recorded. Then, using stepwise regression, the relationship between variables and yield were considered. The results showed that there is a 2606.4 kg/ha difference (gap) between actual yield (average farmer's yield) and attainable yield (maximum farmer's yield). It was identified that farming experience, burying Plant residues in the soil, planting date, Sprinkler irrigation, the amount of used water and plant density were contributed to yield gap, 30.1, 5.1, 14.7, 13.8, 13.8 and 22.5 percent, respectively. It could be concluded that improving these factors will increase the yield up to 1802.9 kg/ha.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Ajowan's (Carum copticum) essential oil as a natural and non-chemical fungicide on flower longevity and gray mold infection as the most important agent of rose postharvest losses. Different essential oil concentrations of Ajowan (0, 300 600 and 900 µL/L) applied as a postharvest foliar application on rose cut flowers (Rosa × hybrida cv. Angelina) which inoculated with gray mold fungus compared to the control (non-contaminated). Based on the results, enzymatic antioxidant capacity (CAT and POD), lipid peroxidation, vase life and gray mold contamination were affected significantly by gray mold infection and foliar application of Ajowan essential oil. According to the results, the minimum gray mold infection was observed at the highest essential oil level 900 µL/L. The highest flower vase life of roses which were inoculated by gray mold was observed at 600 µL/L; while maximum flower vase life was observed at the same concentration but in non-inoculated flowers by gray mold (control plants). The results of the present experiment led to conclude that increasing of flower longevity of infected roses by gray mold under Ajowan's essential oil was achieved because of lipid peroxidation reduction and ion leakage as well, as a consequence of antioxidant activity which has been happened under essential oil treatments.

In order to evaluate the effects of biological and chemical fertilizers at different cuts on some properties of the Rosemary, an experiment was carried out as split plot based on Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, at the Zabol University research farm. Three times cuttings were: Autumn’s first cut (late autumn), spring’s first cut (late spring) and autumn’s second cut (six months after autumn’s first cut) was considered as a major factor. The biological fertilizers included Aztobarvar, Phosphate Barvar-2, Petabarvar and chemical fertilizer NPK and the control was considered as a subplot factor. The maximum amount of phosphor (7352 mg.kg-1) was obtained from application of Phosphate Barvar-2. Additionally, the maximum amount of potassium (5542 mg.kg-1) and the minimum of sodium (4760 mg.kg-1) was obtained from Petabarvar. Protein, dry matter yield and oil yield, oil percentage, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll significantly increased under the interactions of spring’s first cut and Aztobarvar biologic fertilizer by 28/36 mg.liter-1, (3294 and 53/90 kg.ha-1) 1/63, 6/66, 1/94 and 81/4 mg.gr-1 respectivly.The results also indicated that the interaction of spring’s first cut and Petabarvar biologic fertilizer had the highest essential oil yield (41.46 kg.ha-1) and interaction of autumn’s second cut and Aztobarvar biologic fertilizer produced the highest amount of nitrogen (12955 ppm) in shoot. The result showed that, the application of Aztobarvar biologic fertilizer in spring’s first cut improved and enhanced the quantitative and physiological characteristics of Rosemary, this would probably have been due to facilitating nitrogen uptake and optimal environmental conditions.

In order to evaluate the effect of irrigation withholding and foliar potassium application on some physiological traits (photosynthesis, cell membrane stability and chlorophyll) and harvest index of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), an experiment was carried out using a split plot factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2011-2012 at two locations; Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Research Institute, Karaj and Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Yazd. The experimental treatments were included drought stress at three irrigation regimes; irrigation withheld from ear emergence to physiological maturity; irrigation withheld from grain filling to physiological maturity and normal irrigation, foliar potassium application; without potassium application, 1.5 and 3.0 percent K2SO4 and two wheat cultivars; ‘Marvdasht’, ‘Pishtaz’ and a line ‘WS-82-9’. Results showed that the studied characteristics were significantly reduced by increasing drought stress. High harvest index was observed with ‘WS-82-9’ at Karaj under normal irrigation (32.69 percent) and its lower rate was obtained from ‘Marvdasht’ cultivar at Yazd under severe stress (11.50 percent). Cultivars were different for cell membrane stability and its lower rate was related to ‘Marvdasht’ (35.5 percent). Foliar application at 3.0 percent K2SO4 caused the highest values of studied traits, especially for photosynthesis in drought stress condition in a way that photosynthesis increased 99.1 and 69.7 percent in Yazd and Karaj, respectively. It can be concluded that cultivating the wheat line ‘WS-82-9’ and sprayed with 3.0 percent K2SO4 are effective especially in case of shortage irrigation at the end of plant life cycle.

This experiment was conducted with three transplanting dates (April 9, May 9 and June 8 2013) and three plant population densities (7, 10 and 16 plant/m2) which considered as main and subplots, respectively. Results showed a relative compensatory effect of higher population density until 10 plants/m2, albeit delayed planting resulted to decrease in total shoot, leaf (L) and stem (S) dry weights. It represents that the highest flower dry weight (F) (27.1 g/plant) was related to planting on May 9 with 10 plant/m2 density. Ratio of L/shoot was greater than S/Shoot than F/shoot. The highest (L)/Shoot ratio was related to the April and May planting dates while the highest S/Shoot ratio was related June’s planting date. Maximum total phenol content of leaves (51.1 mg of GAE/ g dry matter) and stems (35.9 mg of GAE/ g dry matter) were measured in plants cultivated on April 9 with a density of 10 plant/m2. The highest total phenolic content of flowers (56.5 mg of GAE/ g dry matter) was determined in plants cultivated on May 9 with a density of 10 plant/m2.Total phenol of flowers was greater than leaves than stems. Overall, it could be concluded that early planting of purple coneflower on April 9 with 10 plant/m2 density is apparently suitable for leaf and stem dry weight and total phenol production while delayed planting until May 9 with a population density of 10 plant/m2 is favorite for flower based production of dry weight and total phenol, according to the experiment conditions.